"strict foreclosure"
在"mortgage"制度发展的早期,当债务人未能在到期日(称之为"law day")清偿债务,即丧失担保物的所有权。
随着"mortgage"制度发展到"strict foreclosure"(英国法下称"foreclosure")阶段,法院为了防止债务人滥用回赎权,给回赎期间设定了一个截止日期。
如果债务人在该截止日期后仍未能清偿债务,则永久性丧失担保物,其所有权归于债权人。
"forfeiture"
可见,"mortgage"制度安排本身,原本即隐含"forfeiture"之意。
不过,"strict foreclosure"制度出现后,"forfeiture"一词便与"strict foreclosure"具备了形影相随、互为表里的关系,甚至可以同义互换。
Forfeiture is closely akin to strict foreclosure — a remedy developed by the English courts which did not contemplate the equity of redemption.
(来源:justia.com)
"流质契约"
"foreclosure"(英国法语境)/"strict foreclosure"(美国法语境)以及"forfeiture"均可以用来表述我国法理论中所称的"流质契约"。
广义上的流质契约,根据我国《物权法》186条、第211条,是指在债务履行期届满前,抵押权人/质权人与抵押人/质押人所作的,债务人不履行到期债务时抵押/质押财产归债权人所有的约定。
(钟维著《流质契约法律制度的应然构造——以利益分析方法为视角》,来源:iolaw.org.cn)
从上述定义来看,我国法下所称的“流质契约”适用于抵押和质押法律关系。
除抵押外,"strict foreclosure"可以适用于其他担保质押。
而在英国法语境中,"foreclosure"仅限于"mortgage"(抵押),用作"流质契约"的对应表述时,适用的情形有限。
"forfeiture"一词本身也可以适用于质押:
The pawnbroker acquires the pledgor's title and interest in the forfeited pledge and the right to hold and dispose of the pledge as the pawnbroker's own property.
(来源:justia.com)
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