146. LRU Cache

Design and implement a data structure for Least Recently Used (LRU) cache. It should support the following operations: get and put.

Discards the least recently used items first

get(key) - Get the value (will always be positive) of the key if the key exists in the cache, otherwise return -1.
put(key, value) - Set or insert the value if the key is not already present. When the cache reached its capacity, it should invalidate the least recently used item before inserting a new item.
Follow up:
Could you do both operations in O(1) time complexity?

Example:

LRUCache cache = new LRUCache( 2 /* capacity */ );

cache.put(1, 1);
cache.put(2, 2);
cache.get(1);       // returns 1
cache.put(3, 3);    // evicts key 2
cache.get(2);       // returns -1 (not found)
cache.put(4, 4);    // evicts key 1
cache.get(1);       // returns -1 (not found)
cache.get(3);       // returns 3
cache.get(4);       // returns 4

Solution：Design

思路：
双向链表 + HashMap
The problem can be solved with a hashtable that keeps track of the keys and its values in the double linked list. One interesting property about double linked list is that the node can remove itself without other reference. In addition, it takes constant time to add and remove nodes from the head or tail.

One particularity about the double linked list that I implemented is that I create a pseudo head and tail to mark the boundary, so that we don't need to check the NULL node during the update. This makes the code more concise and clean, and also it is good for the performance as well.
Time Complexity: O(1) Space Complexity: O(N)

Solution Code：

class LRUCache {

    class DLinkedNode {
        int key;
        int value;
        DLinkedNode pre;
        DLinkedNode post;
    }

    /**
     * Always add the new node right after head;
     */
    private void addNode(DLinkedNode node){
        node.pre = head;
        node.post = head.post;

        head.post.pre = node;
        head.post = node;
    }

    /**
     * Remove an existing node from the linked list.
     */
    private void removeNode(DLinkedNode node){
        DLinkedNode pre = node.pre;
        DLinkedNode post = node.post;

        pre.post = post;
        post.pre = pre;
    }

    /**
     * Move certain node in between to the head.
     */
    private void moveToHead(DLinkedNode node){
        this.removeNode(node);
        this.addNode(node);
    }

    // pop the current tail. 
    private DLinkedNode popTail(){
        DLinkedNode res = tail.pre;
        this.removeNode(res);
        return res;
    }

    private Map<Integer, DLinkedNode> cache = new HashMap<Integer, DLinkedNode>();
    private int count;
    private int capacity;
    private DLinkedNode head, tail;

    public LRUCache(int capacity) {
        this.count = 0;
        this.capacity = capacity;

        head = new DLinkedNode();
        head.pre = null;

        tail = new DLinkedNode();
        tail.post = null;

        head.post = tail;
        tail.pre = head;
    }

    public int get(int key) {

        DLinkedNode node = cache.get(key);
        if(node == null){
            return -1; // should raise exception here.
        }

        // move the accessed node to the head;
        this.moveToHead(node);

        return node.value;
    }


    public void put(int key, int value) {
        DLinkedNode node = cache.get(key);

        if(node == null){

            DLinkedNode newNode = new DLinkedNode();
            newNode.key = key;
            newNode.value = value;

            this.cache.put(key, newNode);
            this.addNode(newNode);

            ++count;

            if(count > capacity){
                // pop the tail
                DLinkedNode tail = this.popTail();
                this.cache.remove(tail.key);
                --count;
            }
        }else{
            // update the value.
            node.value = value;
            this.moveToHead(node);
        }

    }
}

/**
 * Your LRUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * LRUCache obj = new LRUCache(capacity);
 * int param_1 = obj.get(key);
 * obj.put(key,value);
 */