搭建交叉编译环境

stm32 属于arm cortex-m系列thumb指令集，使用的编译工具是arm-none-eabi，在ubuntu下的安装可以参考以下方式：

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:team-gcc-arm-embedded/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-embedded

检查环境变量，测试是否可用：

dolphin@DESKTOP-DR5OKOG:/mnt/e/WORK/shaniadolphin/stm32/test_gcc$ echo $PATH | grep "gcc"
dolphin@DESKTOP-DR5OKOG:/mnt/e/WORK/shaniadolphin/stm32/test_gcc$ arm-none-eabi-gcc -v
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=arm-none-eabi-gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/6.3.1/lto-wrapper
Target: arm-none-eabi
gcc version 6.3.1 20170620 (15:6.3.1+svn253039-1build1)

设置STM32CubeMx

打开应用创建工程：

创建工程

设置输出为Makefie：

设置输出

即可通过STM32CUBEMX输出工程代码及对应的Makefile。

输出工程

在Makefile中打开硬件浮点，

# float-abi
FLOAT-ABI = -mfloat-abi=hard

链接时会报错：

  LD      stm32f405_ledscreen_freertos.elf
/usr/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/6.3.1/../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: error: /usr/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/6.3.1/../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o: Conflicting CPU architectures 13/1
/usr/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/6.3.1/../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: failed to merge target specific data of file /usr/lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/6.3.1/../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
Makefile:199: recipe for target 'build/stm32f405_ledscreen_freertos.elf' failed
make: *** [build/stm32f405_ledscreen_freertos.elf] Error 1

原因是库版本不匹配，详细参考
可以下载下面的库文件，用dpkg的命令安装这样deb包，以安装匹配的库：
libnewlib-dev_3.0.0.20180802-2_all.deb
libnewlib-arm-none-eabi_3.0.0.20180802-2_all.deb

sudo dpkg -i libnewlib-dev_3.0.0.20180802-2_all.deb
sudo dpkg -i libnewlib-arm-none-eabi_3.0.0.20180802-2_all.deb

修改Makefile

在Makefile前部增加：

# 在调用工程时输入 make V=1 来显示编译过程，否则默认不显示编译时的指令
ifneq ($(V),1)
Q       := @
NULL    := 2>/dev/null
endif

修改编译打印：

#######################################
# build the application
#######################################
# list of objects
OBJECTS = $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(C_SOURCES:.c=.o)))
vpath %.c $(sort $(dir $(C_SOURCES)))
# list of ASM program objects
OBJECTS += $(addprefix $(BUILD_DIR)/,$(notdir $(ASM_SOURCES:.s=.o)))
vpath %.s $(sort $(dir $(ASM_SOURCES)))

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.c Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR)
    @printf "  CC      $(*).c\n"
    $(Q) $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(notdir $(<:.c=.lst)) $< -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: %.s Makefile | $(BUILD_DIR)
    @printf "  AS      $(*).s\n"
    $(Q) $(AS) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).elf: $(OBJECTS) Makefile
    @printf "  LD      $(TARGET).elf\n"
    $(Q) $(CC) $(OBJECTS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@
    @printf "  SZ      $(TARGET).elf\n"
    $(Q) $(SZ) $@

$(BUILD_DIR)/%.hex: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(HEX) $< $@
    
$(BUILD_DIR)/%.bin: $(BUILD_DIR)/%.elf | $(BUILD_DIR)
    $(BIN) $< $@
    
$(BUILD_DIR):
    mkdir $@

使打印像如图所示的效果，

make -j
  CC      main.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_it.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_msp.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_adc.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_adc_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_i2c.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_i2c_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_rtc.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_tim.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_rtc_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_tim_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_flash_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_pwr.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_flash_ramfunc.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_pwr_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_dma.c
  CC      system_stm32l0xx.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_gpio.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_rcc.c
  AS      startup_stm32l011xx.s
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_rcc_ex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_cortex.c
  CC      stm32l0xx_hal_flash.c
  LD      firmware.elf
  SZ      firmware.elf
   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
  10152      20    1836   12008    2ee8 build/firmware.elf
arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex build/firmware.elf build/firmware.hex
arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary -S build/firmware.elf build/firmware.bin

否则会显示完整的编译指令，让命令窗非常凌乱：

dolphin@DESKTOP-DR5OKOG:/mnt/e/WORK/shaniadolphin/stm32/test_gcc$ make
mkdir build
arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb   -DUSE_HAL_DRIVER -DSTM32F103xB -IInc -IDrivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc -IDrivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc/Legacy -IMiddlewares/ST/STM32_USB_Device_Library/Core/Inc -IMiddlewares/ST/STM32_USB_Device_Library/Class/CDC/Inc -IDrivers/CMSIS/Device/ST/STM32F1xx/Include -IDrivers/CMSIS/Include -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/portable/GCC/ARM_CM3 -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/include -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/CMSIS_RTOS -O3 -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -g -gdwarf-2 -MMD -MP -MF"build/main.d" -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=build/main.lst Src/main.c -o build/main.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc build/main.o build/usb_device.o build/usbd_conf.o build/usbd_desc.o build/usbd_cdc_if.o build/stm32f1xx_it.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_msp.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_timebase_TIM.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_gpio_ex.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_pcd.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_pcd_ex.o build/stm32f1xx_ll_usb.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_adc.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_adc_ex.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_spi.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_spi_ex.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_tim.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_tim_ex.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_uart.o build/stm32f1xx_hal.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_rcc.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_rcc_ex.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_gpio.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_dma.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_cortex.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_pwr.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_flash.o build/stm32f1xx_hal_flash_ex.o build/system_stm32f1xx.o build/usbd_core.o build/usbd_ctlreq.o build/usbd_ioreq.o build/usbd_cdc.o build/freertos.o build/heap_4.o build/port.o build/croutine.o build/event_groups.o build/list.o build/queue.o build/tasks.o build/timers.o build/cmsis_os.o build/startup_stm32f103xb.o -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb   -specs=nano.specs -TSTM32F103C8Tx_FLASH.ld  -lc -lm -lnosys  -Wl,-Map=build/oled_test.map,--cref -Wl,--gc-sections -o build/oled_test.elf
arm-none-eabi-size build/oled_test.elf
   text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
  19500     360   11064   30924    78cc build/oled_test.elf
arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex build/oled_test.elf build/oled_test.hex
arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary -S build/oled_test.elf build/oled_test.bin

需要注意编译freertos的代码时，可能会有错误提示，可能和编译顺序有关：

dolphin@DESKTOP-DR5OKOG:/mnt/e/WORK/shaniadolphin/stm32/test_gcc$ make
mkdir build
arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb   -DUSE_HAL_DRIVER -DSTM32F103xB -IInc -IDrivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc -IDrivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc/Legacy -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/portable/GCC/ARM_CM3 -IMiddlewares/ST/STM32_USB_Device_Library/Core/Inc -IMiddlewares/ST/STM32_USB_Device_Library/Class/CDC/Inc -IDrivers/CMSIS/Device/ST/STM32F1xx/Include -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/include -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/CMSIS_RTOS -IDrivers/CMSIS/Include -O3 -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -g -gdwarf-2 -MMD -MP -MF"build/main.d" -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=build/main.lst Src/main.c -o build/main.o
arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -mcpu=cortex-m3 -mthumb   -DUSE_HAL_DRIVER -DSTM32F103xB -IInc -IDrivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc -IDrivers/STM32F1xx_HAL_Driver/Inc/Legacy -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/portable/GCC/ARM_CM3 -IMiddlewares/ST/STM32_USB_Device_Library/Core/Inc -IMiddlewares/ST/STM32_USB_Device_Library/Class/CDC/Inc -IDrivers/CMSIS/Device/ST/STM32F1xx/Include -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/include -IMiddlewares/Third_Party/FreeRTOS/Source/CMSIS_RTOS -IDrivers/CMSIS/Include -O3 -Wall -fdata-sections -ffunction-sections -g -gdwarf-2 -MMD -MP -MF"build/freertos.d" -Wa,-a,-ad,-alms=build/freertos.lst Src/freertos.c -o build/freertos.o
Src/freertos.c:91:8: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or '__attribute__' before 'void'
 __weak void PreSleepProcessing(uint32_t *ulExpectedIdleTime)
        ^~~~
Src/freertos.c:96:8: error: expected '=', ',', ';', 'asm' or '__attribute__' before 'void'
 __weak void PostSleepProcessing(uint32_t *ulExpectedIdleTime)
        ^~~~
Makefile:191: recipe for target 'build/freertos.o' failed
make: *** [build/freertos.o] Error 1

将freertos取消，生成工程，可以编译成功，这时再增加freertos选项，即可编译通过。

参考文档