SPI机制
基本概述
SPI全称Service Provider Interface，是一种服务发现机制。通过提供接口、预定义的加载器(Loader)以及约定俗称的配置(一般在META-INF目录下)，可以实现动态加载服务实现类。
类图
file
通过类图可以分析出， ServiceLoader 实现了 Iterable 接口，提供了迭代的功能。
而 ServiceLoader 将迭代的实现委托给 LazyIterator 。
LazyIterator 提供了延时迭代的能力，当有需要的时候，才去加载。
在 Skywalking 模块中的使用
接口定义
org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module.ModuleDefine
package org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.ServiceLoader;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
/**
* A module definition.
*/
public abstract class ModuleDefine implements ModuleProviderHolder {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ModuleDefine.class);
private ModuleProvider loadedProvider = null;
private final String name;
public ModuleDefine(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
/**
* @return the module name
*
*/
public final String name() {
return name;
}
/**
* @return the {@link Service} provided by this module.
*/
public abstract Class[] services();
/**
* Run the prepare stage for the module, including finding all potential providers, and asking them to prepare.
*
* @param moduleManager of this module
* @param configuration of this module
* @throws ProviderNotFoundException when even don't find a single one providers.
*/
void prepare(ModuleManager moduleManager, ApplicationConfiguration.ModuleConfiguration configuration,
ServiceLoader<ModuleProvider> moduleProviderLoader) throws ProviderNotFoundException, ServiceNotProvidedException, ModuleConfigException, ModuleStartException {
// etc...
}
// etc...
@Override
public final ModuleProvider provider() throws DuplicateProviderException, ProviderNotFoundException {
if (loadedProvider == null) {
throw new ProviderNotFoundException("There is no module provider in " + this.name() + " module!");
}
return loadedProvider;
}
}
接口实现
org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module.BaseModuleA
package org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module;
public class BaseModuleA extends ModuleDefine {
public BaseModuleA() {
super("BaseA");
}
// 需要提供服务的接口
@Override
public Class<? extends Service>[] services() {
return new Class[] {
ServiceABusiness1.class,
ServiceABusiness2.class
};
}
public interface ServiceABusiness1 extends Service {
void print();
}
public interface ServiceABusiness2 extends Service {
}
}
META-INF 定义
META-INF/services/org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module.ModuleDefine
org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module.BaseModuleA
使用方式
org.apache.skywalking.oap.server.library.module.ModuleManager#init
/**
* Init the given modules
*/
public void init(ApplicationConfiguration applicationConfiguration) /* etc... */ {
// SPI机制加载
ServiceLoaderModuleDefine> moduleServiceLoader = ServiceLoader.load(ModuleDefine.class);
// 迭代器获取
for (ModuleDefine module : moduleServiceLoader) {
// do something
// etc...
}
// etc...
}
源码解析
package java.util;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.AccessController;
import java.security.AccessControlContext;
import java.security.PrivilegedAction;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
public final class ServiceLoader<S> implements Iterable<S> {
// 目录前缀
private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";
// 需要被加载对象的Class对象
private final Class<S> service;
// 类加载器
private final ClassLoader loader;
// The access control context taken when the ServiceLoader is created
private final AccessControlContext acc;
// 加载对象缓存(按实例化顺序排序)
private LinkedHashMap<String,S> providers = new LinkedHashMap<>();
// 当前使用的懒加载迭代器
private LazyIterator lookupIterator;
// 重载
public void reload() {
// 清除加载对象缓存
providers.clear();
// 重置懒加载迭代器
lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
}
// 不允许直接创建ServiceLoader对象，只能通过loadXXX获取ServiceLoader对象
private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
acc = (System.getSecurityManager() != null) ? AccessController.getContext() : null;
reload();
}
private static void fail(Class<?> service, String msg, Throwable cause) throws ServiceConfigurationError {
throw new ServiceConfigurationError(service.getName() + ": " + msg, cause);
}
private static void fail(Class<?> service, String msg) throws ServiceConfigurationError {
throw new ServiceConfigurationError(service.getName() + ": " + msg);
}
private static void fail(Class<?> service, URL u, int line, String msg) throws ServiceConfigurationError {
fail(service, u + ":" + line + ": " + msg);
}
// 解析配置文件中的一行，如果没有注释，则加入到类名列表中
private int parseLine(Class<?> service, URL u, BufferedReader r, int lc, List<String> names) throws IOException, ServiceConfigurationError {
String ln = r.readLine();
if (ln == null) {
return -1;
}
int ci = ln.indexOf('#');
if (ci >= 0) ln = ln.substring(0, ci);
ln = ln.trim();
int n = ln.length();
if (n != 0) {
if ((ln.indexOf(' ') >= 0) || (ln.indexOf('\t') >= 0))
fail(service, u, lc, "Illegal configuration-file syntax");
int cp = ln.codePointAt(0);
if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierStart(cp))
fail(service, u, lc, "Illegal provider-class name: " + ln);
for (int i = Character.charCount(cp); i < n; i += Character.charCount(cp)) {
cp = ln.codePointAt(i);
if (!Character.isJavaIdentifierPart(cp) && (cp != '.'))
fail(service, u, lc, "Illegal provider-class name: " + ln);
}
if (!providers.containsKey(ln) && !names.contains(ln))
names.add(ln);
}
return lc + 1;
}
// 解析配置文件，返回实现类名列表
private Iterator<String> parse(Class<?> service, URL u) throws ServiceConfigurationError {
InputStream in = null;
BufferedReader r = null;
ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();
try {
in = u.openStream();
r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(in, "utf-8"));
int lc = 1;
while ((lc = parseLine(service, u, r, lc, names)) >= 0);
} catch (IOException x) {
fail(service, "Error reading configuration file", x);
} finally {
try {
if (r != null) r.close();
if (in != null) in.close();
} catch (IOException y) {
fail(service, "Error closing configuration file", y);
}
}
return names.iterator();
}
// 懒加载迭代器，提供了延时迭代的能力，当有需要的时候，才去加载
private class LazyIterator implements Iterator<S> {
// 需要被加载对象的Class对象
Class<S> service;
// 类加载器
ClassLoader loader;
// 配置文件列表
Enumeration<URL> configs = null;
// 当前迭代的配置文件中类名列表的迭代器
Iterator<String> pending = null;
// 下一个实现类名
String nextName = null;
private LazyIterator(Class<S> service, ClassLoader loader) {
this.service = service;
this.loader = loader;
}
// 是否有下一个Service
private boolean hasNextService() {
if (nextName != null) {
return true;
}
// 加载所有配置文件
if (configs == null) {
try {
String fullName = PREFIX + service.getName();
if (loader == null)
configs = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fullName);
else
configs = loader.getResources(fullName);
} catch (IOException x) {
fail(service, "Error locating configuration files", x);
}
}
// 当当前类名列表迭代完之后，加载下一个配置文件
while ((pending == null) || !pending.hasNext()) {
if (!configs.hasMoreElements()) {
return false;
}
pending = parse(service, configs.nextElement());
}
// 获取下一个类名
nextName = pending.next();
return true;
}
// 获取下一个Service
private S nextService() {
if (!hasNextService())
throw new NoSuchElementException();
String cn = nextName;
nextName = null;
Class<?> c = null;
try {
// 类名 -> 类的Class对象
c = Class.forName(cn, false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException x) {
fail(service, "Provider " + cn + " not found");
}
if (!service.isAssignableFrom(c)) {
fail(service, "Provider " + cn + " not a subtype");
}
try {
// 实例化
S p = service.cast(c.newInstance());
// 加入到缓存中
providers.put(cn, p);
return p;
} catch (Throwable x) {
fail(service, "Provider " + cn + " could not be instantiated", x);
}
throw new Error(); // This cannot happen
}
// 迭代器，是否有下个元素
public boolean hasNext() {
if (acc == null) {
return hasNextService();
} else {
// 授权资源
PrivilegedAction<Boolean> action = new PrivilegedAction<Boolean>() {
public Boolean run() { return hasNextService(); }
};
return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
}
}
// 迭代器，获取下个元素
public S next() {
if (acc == null) {
return nextService();
} else {
// 授权资源
PrivilegedAction<S> action = new PrivilegedAction<S>() {
public S run() { return nextService(); }
};
return AccessController.doPrivileged(action, acc);
}
}
// 不支持删除
public void remove() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
}
// 迭代器实现，如果有缓存从缓存中获取，没有则从懒加载迭代器加载
public Iterator<S> iterator() {
return new Iterator<S>() {
Iterator<Map.Entry<String,S>> knownProviders = providers.entrySet().iterator();
public boolean hasNext() {
if (knownProviders.hasNext())
return true;
return lookupIterator.hasNext();
}
public S next() {
if (knownProviders.hasNext())
return knownProviders.next().getValue();
return lookupIterator.next();
}
public void remove() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
};
}
// 通过类的Class对象及类加载，获取ServiceLoader
public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service, ClassLoader loader) {
return new ServiceLoader<>(service, loader);
}
// 通过类的Class对象，获取ServiceLoader
public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> load(Class<S> service) {
ClassLoader cl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
return ServiceLoader.load(service, cl);
}
// 通过类的Class对象和扩展类加载器，获取ServiceLoader
public static <S> ServiceLoader<S> loadInstalled(Class<S> service) {
ClassLoader cl = ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader();
ClassLoader prev = null;
while (cl != null) {
prev = cl;
cl = cl.getParent();
}
return ServiceLoader.load(service, prev);
}
public String toString() {
return "java.util.ServiceLoader[" + service.getName() + "]";
}
}
PS： JDK 提供的 SPI 机制，必须要使用迭代器遍历获取需要的实现，而 Dubbo SPI 可以通过 #getExtension 获取指定实现类。
总结
通过源码分析，可以了解到 Skywalking 没有定义自己的 SPI 机制，但深入阅读 Skywalking 的使用场景后，发现用 JDK 提供的 SPI 机制也没什么问题。
个人认为，任何技术都应该根据场景选取，适合的才是最好的，如果没有那么复杂的需要，没必要像 dubbo 一样，定义自己的 SPI 机制。
参考文档
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