本篇Android消息机制的原理,包括四个方面ThreadLocal、MessageQueue、Looper和Handler,会通过消息机制流程来分析理解。
简介
由于所有UI操作都必须在主线程中完成,所以我们有时候在子线程得到的数据后需要转化到主线程去更改UI,而这就是Android提供消息机制的原因。这里有个细节,为什么UI操作必须要在主线程完成呢?其中最主要的原因是我们的View并不是线程安全的。这又有一个问题了,为什么不给View加锁呢?因为它会让View的访问变得复杂,而且会降低UI的访问效率,锁是会阻塞某些线程的执行,而使用单线程就可以避免这两个问题,然后使用Handler转换线程也不麻烦。
下面就进入正题,其实消息机制最主要的就是Handler、Looper以及MessageQueue,我简单的理了个消息机制的流程图,如下:
下面我们会根据这个流程去解读源码。
消息机制流程源码分析
Looper.prepare()
看了上边的流程图,发现我们自己在主线程中使用handler好像没有直接操作过Looper呀?其实在界面创建之前系统已经给我们初始化了Looper,源码在ActivityThread中的main方法中,如下:
public static void main(String[] args) {
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
Looper.loop();
}
其中去掉了些这里不涉及的代码,可以看到其实主线程还是走了这个流程的,其中有一点不一样的地方,是主线程的looper是单独存起来的,来看源码:
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
MessageQueue(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQuitAllowed = quitAllowed;
mPtr = nativeInit();
}
第一步prepare主要就做了两个事,在threadLocal中设置Looper,Looper中初始化MessageQueue;这里有个知识点,ThreadLocal是如何让不同线程的Looper都不一样的,如果不看系统的实现方式,我们也能大体想到,使用一个Map去存,key就是线程,value就是Looper,这样我们就能保证不同线程Looper不一样,且同一线程只有一个Looper了,这里就深入一步查看一下ThreadLocal的源码:
public void set(T value) {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
}
void createMap(Thread t, T firstValue) {
t.threadLocals = new ThreadLocalMap(this, firstValue);
}
ThreadLocalMap(ThreadLocal firstKey, Object firstValue) {
table = new Entry[INITIAL_CAPACITY];
int i = firstKey.threadLocalHashCode & (INITIAL_CAPACITY - 1);
table[i] = new Entry(firstKey, firstValue);
size = 1;
setThreshold(INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
Entry(ThreadLocal k, Object v) {
super(k);
value = v;
}
private void set(ThreadLocal key, Object value) {
// We don't use a fast path as with get() because it is at
// least as common to use set() to create new entries as
// it is to replace existing ones, in which case, a fast
// path would fail more often than not.
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (len-1);
for (Entry e = tab[i];
e != null;
e = tab[i = nextIndex(i, len)]) {
ThreadLocal k = e.get();
if (k == key) {
e.value = value;
return;
}
if (k == null) {
replaceStaleEntry(key, value, i);
return;
}
}
tab[i] = new Entry(key, value);
int sz = ++size;
if (!cleanSomeSlots(i, sz) && sz >= threshold)
rehash();
}
这段代码是刚才ThreadLocal保存Looper所调用的代码,大体含义还是比较简单,就是存入一个Entry数组中,每一项都有自己的key和value,其中索引是用一个hashCode和这个数组的长度进行&运算的来的。这样就会让查询变得便利,其实HashMap就是类似的储存方式。
然后再看看ThreadLocal的get方法:
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null)
return (T) e.value;
}
return setInitialValue();
}
private T setInitialValue() {
T value = initialValue();
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null)
map.set(this, value);
else
createMap(t, value);
return value;
}
ThreadLocalMap getMap(Thread t) {
return t.threadLocals;
}
private Entry getEntry(ThreadLocal key) {
int i = key.threadLocalHashCode & (table.length - 1);
Entry e = table[i];
if (e != null && e.get() == key)
return e;
else
return getEntryAfterMiss(key, i, e);
}
private Entry getEntryAfterMiss(ThreadLocal key, int i, Entry e) {
Entry[] tab = table;
int len = tab.length;
while (e != null) {
ThreadLocal k = e.get();
if (k == key)
return e;
if (k == null)
expungeStaleEntry(i);
else
i = nextIndex(i, len);
e = tab[i];
}
return null;
}
这样看来,其实ThreadLocal的功能就是类似HashMap一样,存取都是通过key,数据结构使用数组,所以是通过key的hashCode与数组长度的到。
这样对ThreadLocal应该就有了一定的了解了。
下一步。
创建Handler
创建Handler的方式有很多,但是最终不外乎两种,传入Looper和不传入Looper;如下:
不传Looper
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
传入Looper
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
其作用在于在handler中的得到Looper对象以及其MessageQueue,然后另外还有回调等数据。便于用户直接操作这一个类就可以了。
Looper.loop()
直接上代码看看该方法做了哪些操作
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
return;
}
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
Message next() {
final long ptr = mPtr;
if (ptr == 0) {
return null;
}
int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
for (;;) {
if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
Binder.flushPendingCommands();
}
nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
synchronized (this) {
// Try to retrieve the next message. Return if found.
final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
Message prevMsg = null;
Message msg = mMessages;
if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
// Stalled by a barrier. Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
do {
prevMsg = msg;
msg = msg.next;
} while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
}
if (msg != null) {
if (now < msg.when) {
// Next message is not ready. Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
} else {
// Got a message.
mBlocked = false;
if (prevMsg != null) {
prevMsg.next = msg.next;
} else {
mMessages = msg.next;
}
msg.next = null;
if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
msg.markInUse();
return msg;
}
} else {
// No more messages.
nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
}
// Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
if (mQuitting) {
dispose();
return null;
}
//其他代码...
}
}
}
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
去掉了一些其他代码,可以看到loop这个方法是有一个死循环,只有在MeesageQueue的next返回null时,才会结束Looper的循环;而MessageQueue的next方法也是一个死循环,只有当mQuitting为true时返回null,其他时候都在循环中,当有要处理的消息时,就返回该Message,然后交给相应的Handler去处理,里边会判断callback是否为空,来判断是post的消息还是send的消息,然后再分别处理,而send的消息需要我们自己重写handleMessage方法去实现消息处理,而具体发送消息会在下文说到。
这里边涉及到的MessageQueue的数据结构其实是使用链式存储,具体的方式下文再分解,这里先知道大体流程。
Handler发送消息
Handler发送消息有两种方式:
- sendMessage(Message)
- post(Runnable)
其实他们两个方法最后都是转化成Mesasge去实现,来直接看源码。
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg) {
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis) {
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
// Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake
// up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
// and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (; ; ) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
下面是post的源码,也就在第一步在构造Message对象,然后后边就一样了。
public final boolean post(Runnable r) {
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
这里的post和send消息都还有其他的一些方法,比如延时发送,比如发送一个空消息,等等但是归根结底都是调用了enqueueMessage方法,来加入到MessageQueue中。
然后Looper的loop方法在需要处理的时候就能得到该消息,并处理。而这其中最主要的是,需要理解怎么加入到MessageQueue的。
所以我们需要先理解其存储结构,可以看到,Message.next属性,也是Message类型的,所以可以猜到应该是使用了链式存储,所以它并不是一个队列。
再来看一下enqueueMessage方法,这里跟一下代码:
当是第一条Message传入时,可以知道mMessages为空,所以进入if,然后让传入的msg.next = p, mMessages = msg,即当前消息的后一条时空,mMessages为第一条消息;
假设第一条的when是5,这时候第二条消息进入,when是10;所以会进入else,然后再进入循环遍历后加入到链表的最后;
这时候第三条消息进入,when是8;这时候还是会第三条消息的when比第一条消息的when大,所以还是会进入else,循环之后,发现不用加到最后,因为第三条的when小于第二条的when,就break了,这时候就插入到了第二条。
这时候链表的顺序就为:消息1->消息3->消息3。
最后再提供一个WeakHandler的源码,它能避免内存泄漏,原理是采用了弱引用。
import android.os.Handler;
import android.os.Message;
import net.arvin.afbaselibrary.listeners.IWeakHandler;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
public class WeakHandler extends Handler {
private WeakReference<IWeakHandler> mActivity;
public WeakHandler(IWeakHandler activity) {
mActivity = new WeakReference<>(activity);
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
if (mActivity != null) {
IWeakHandler weakHandleInterface = mActivity.get();
if (weakHandleInterface != null) {
weakHandleInterface.handleMessage(msg);
}
}
}
}
//回调接口IWeakHandler
import android.os.Message;
public interface IWeakHandler {
void handleMessage(Message msg);
}
至此,整个消息的流程就基本分析完了。