问：说说 Condition 与传统线程协作的区别？

答：Condition 可以说是传统 Object.wait() 和 Object.natify() 的加强版，能够更加精细的控制多线程的休眠与唤醒。对于同一个锁我们可以创建多个 Condition（即多个监视器），从而在不同的情况下使用不同的 Condition。

举个例子，假设我们要实现多线程读写同一个缓冲区，当向缓冲区中写入数据之后唤醒读线程，当从缓冲区读出数据之后唤醒写线程。如果使用传统 Object.wait()/Object.notify()/Object.notifyAll() 实现该缓冲区，当向缓冲区写入数据后唤醒读线程时是没法通过 Object.notify()/Object.notifyAll() 明确的指定唤醒读线程，而只能通过 Object.notifyAll() 唤醒所有线程。但是通过 Condition 就可以明确的指定唤醒读线程。

下面的程序就演示了 Condition 特有的能力，我们模拟日常上班，每个启动线程都是一个岗位，上班以后 boss 发布一个 plain，然后 manager 赶紧顶上去接锅，然后 manager 把 boss 的 plain 发给 teamLeader，teamLeader 又把 plain 发给 coder，如下就是这么一种流程：

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        final OfficeWork work = new OfficeWork();
        new Thread() {
            public void run() {
                work.coderCmd();
            }
        }.start();

        new Thread() {
            public void run() {
                work.teamLeaderCmd();
            }
        }.start();

        new Thread() {
            public void run() {
                work.managerCmd();
            }
        }.start();

        Thread.sleep(2000);
        work.bossCmd();
    }

    static class OfficeWork {
        private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        private Condition cond1 = lock.newCondition();
        private Condition cond2 = lock.newCondition();
        private Condition cond3 = lock.newCondition();

        public void bossCmd() {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                cond1.signal();
                System.out.println("Boss have a plain!");
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public void managerCmd() {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                cond1.await();
                Thread.sleep(500);
                System.out.println("Manager received Cmd!");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                cond3.signal();
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public void coderCmd() {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                cond2.await();
                Thread.sleep(500);
                System.out.println("Coder received Cmd!");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                cond1.signal();
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

        public void teamLeaderCmd() {
            try {
                lock.lock();
                cond3.await();
                Thread.sleep(500);
                System.out.println("TeamLeader received Cmd!");
            } catch (Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } finally {
                cond2.signal();
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
}

上面程序的运行结果一定如下：

Boss have a plain!
Manager received Cmd!
TeamLeader received Cmd!
Coder received Cmd!

本文参考自 Condition 与传统多线程协作区别问题解析