目录
过去
- Functional Programming鼻祖 => Lisp
关于编程语言历史 可以参考ComputerLanguagesChart
- Lisp = 第二悠久的仍被广泛使用的高级编程语言
关于Lisp语言更多介绍 可以参考LISP - 维基百科
- Lisp现代方言主要有Clojure、Common Lisp、Scheme
brew install clojure
clj
(println "Hello, World!")
;; Hello, World!
;; nil
(def a 42)
(+ a 8)
;; 50
(->> (range 10)
(map inc)
(filter even?))
;; (2 4 6 8 10)
关于上述Clojure代码更多介绍 可以参考What does ->> mean in Clojure?
特征
First-class Functions
This means functions can be treated as values. They can be assigned as values, passed into functions, and returned from functions
;; clojure
;; name params body
;; ----- ------ -------------------
(defn greet [name] (str "Hello, " name) )
(greet "students")
;; "Hello, students"
(defn adder [x]
(fn [a] (+ x a)))
(def add-five (adder 5))
(add-five 100)
;; 105
Immutable State
;; clojure
(let [my-vector [1 2 3 4]
my-map {:fred "ethel"}
my-list (list 4 3 2 1)]
(list
(conj my-vector 5)
(assoc my-map :ricky "lucy")
(conj my-list 5)
my-vector
my-map
my-list))
;; ([1 2 3 4 5] {:fred "ethel", :ricky "lucy"} (5 4 3 2 1) [1 2 3 4] {:fred "ethel"} (4 3 2 1))
关于Immutable的更多介绍 可以参考Why Immutable?
要求
Pure Function, no Side Effects
Pure Function: 相同输入的情况下输出总是相同
No Side Effects: 不会修改函数外部的任何变量
Expression, no Statement
Expression: 单纯的运算过程, 总是有返回值
Statement: 执行某种操作, 没有返回值
发展
Python
# python
a = [(1, 2), (4, 1), (9, 10), (13, -3)]
a.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
print(a)
# [(1, 2), (4, 1), (9, 10), (13, -3)]
a = [(1, 2), (4, 1), (9, 10), (13, -3)]
b = sorted(a)
print(b)
# [(1, 2), (4, 1), (9, 10), (13, -3)]
JavaScript
cnpm i --save lodash
var _ = require('lodash');
var r = _.map([1, 2, 3], function (el) {
return el * 2
});
console.log(r); // return [ 2, 4, 6 ]
关于Lodash的更多介绍 可以参考Lodash - Wikipedia / Lodash Documentation
PHP
composer create-project laravel/laravel php-fp --prefer-dist "5.5.*"
cd php-fp
php artisan tinker
$array = [
['name' => 'Desk'],
['name' => 'Table'],
['name' => 'Chair'],
];
$sorted = array_values(array_sort($array, function ($value) {
return $value['name'];
}));
/*
[
['name' => 'Chair'],
['name' => 'Desk'],
['name' => 'Table'],
]
*/
关于Laravel辅助函数的更多介绍 可以参考辅助函数
Java
mkdir java-fp && cd java-fp
gradle init --type java-application
vim ./src/main/java/Dish.java
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
public class Dish {
private final String name;
private final boolean vegetarian;
private final int calories;
private final Type type;
public Dish(String name, boolean vegetarian, int calories, Type type) {
this.name = name;
this.vegetarian = vegetarian;
this.calories = calories;
this.type = type;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public boolean isVegetarian() {
return vegetarian;
}
public int getCalories() {
return calories;
}
public Type getType() {
return type;
}
public enum Type {MEAT, FISH, OTHER}
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
public static final List<Dish> menu =
Arrays.asList(new Dish("pork", false, 800, Dish.Type.MEAT),
new Dish("beef", false, 700, Dish.Type.MEAT),
new Dish("chicken", false, 400, Dish.Type.MEAT),
new Dish("french fries", true, 530, Dish.Type.OTHER),
new Dish("rice", true, 350, Dish.Type.OTHER),
new Dish("season fruit", true, 120, Dish.Type.OTHER),
new Dish("pizza", true, 550, Dish.Type.OTHER),
new Dish("prawns", false, 400, Dish.Type.FISH),
new Dish("salmon", false, 450, Dish.Type.FISH));
}
./src/main/java/App.java
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class App {
public static void main(String... args) {
// Java 7
getLowCaloricDishesNamesInJava7(Dish.menu).forEach(System.out::println);
System.out.println("---");
// Java 8
getLowCaloricDishesNamesInJava8(Dish.menu).forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static List<String> getLowCaloricDishesNamesInJava7(List<Dish> dishes) {
List<Dish> lowCaloricDishes = new ArrayList<>();
for (Dish d : dishes) {
if (d.getCalories() < 400) {
lowCaloricDishes.add(d);
}
}
List<String> lowCaloricDishesName = new ArrayList<>();
Collections.sort(lowCaloricDishes, new Comparator<Dish>() {
@Override
public int compare(Dish d1, Dish d2) {
return Integer.compare(d1.getCalories(), d2.getCalories());
}
});
for (Dish d : lowCaloricDishes) {
lowCaloricDishesName.add(d.getName());
}
return lowCaloricDishesName;
}
public static List<String> getLowCaloricDishesNamesInJava8(List<Dish> dishes) {
return dishes.stream()
.filter(d -> d.getCalories() < 400)
.sorted(Comparator.comparing(Dish::getCalories))
.map(Dish::getName)
.collect(Collectors.toList());
}
}
gradle run
更多示例代码 可以参考Java8InAction
价值
Method Chaining
- Pure functions are easier to reason about
- Strategy Pattern: Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. [The] Strategy [pattern] lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it.
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// old school
Validator v1 = new Validator(new IsNumeric());
System.out.println(v1.validate("aaaa"));
Validator v2 = new Validator(new IsAllLowerCase());
System.out.println(v2.validate("bbbb"));
// with lambdas
Validator v3 = new Validator((String s) -> s.matches("\\d+"));
System.out.println(v3.validate("aaaa"));
Validator v4 = new Validator((String s) -> s.matches("[a-z]+"));
System.out.println(v4.validate("bbbb"));
}
interface ValidationStrategy {
public boolean execute(String s);
}
static private class IsAllLowerCase implements ValidationStrategy {
@Override
public boolean execute(String s) {
return s.matches("[a-z]+");
}
}
static private class IsNumeric implements ValidationStrategy {
@Override
public boolean execute(String s) {
return s.matches("\\d+");
}
}
static private class Validator {
private final ValidationStrategy strategy;
public Validator(ValidationStrategy v) {
this.strategy = v;
}
public boolean validate(String s) {
return strategy.execute(s);
}
}
}
关于策略模式更多介绍 可以参考策略模式 - Wikipedia
- Chain of Responsibility: Avoid coupling the sender of a request to its receiver by giving more than one object a chance to handle the request. Chain the receiving objects and pass the request along the chain until an object handles it.
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ProcessingObject<String> p1 = new HeaderTextProcessing();
ProcessingObject<String> p2 = new SpellCheckerProcessing();
p1.setSuccessor(p2);
String result1 = p1.handle("Aren't labdas really sexy?!!");
System.out.println(result1);
UnaryOperator<String> headerProcessing =
(String text) -> "From Raoul, Mario and Alan: " + text;
UnaryOperator<String> spellCheckerProcessing =
(String text) -> text.replaceAll("labda", "lambda");
Function<String, String> pipeline = headerProcessing.andThen(spellCheckerProcessing);
String result2 = pipeline.apply("Aren't labdas really sexy?!!");
System.out.println(result2);
}
static private abstract class ProcessingObject<T> {
protected ProcessingObject<T> successor;
public void setSuccessor(ProcessingObject<T> successor) {
this.successor = successor;
}
public T handle(T input) {
T r = handleWork(input);
if (successor != null) {
return successor.handle(r);
}
return r;
}
abstract protected T handleWork(T input);
}
static private class HeaderTextProcessing
extends ProcessingObject<String> {
@Override
public String handleWork(String text) {
return "From Raoul, Mario and Alan: " + text;
}
}
static private class SpellCheckerProcessing
extends ProcessingObject<String> {
@Override
public String handleWork(String text) {
return text.replaceAll("labda", "lambda");
}
}
}
关于责任链模式更多介绍 可以参考责任链模式 - Wikipedia
Parallel Programming
关于Parallel和Concurrent的区别 可以参考并发与并行的区别?
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(iterativeSum(100));
System.out.println(sequentialSum(100));
System.out.println(parallelSum(100));
}
public static long iterativeSum(long n) {
long result = 0;
for (long i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
result += i;
}
return result;
}
public static long sequentialSum(long n) {
return Stream.iterate(1L, i -> i + 1).limit(n).reduce(Long::sum).get();
}
public static long parallelSum(long n) {
return Stream.iterate(1L, i -> i + 1).limit(n).parallel().reduce(Long::sum).get();
}
}
- 关于并行数据处理的更多介绍 可以参考《Java8实战》-第七章笔记(并行数据处理与性能)
练习
给定一个列表List<value> 比如{1, 4, 9} 构造一个List<List<Integer>> 它的成员都是类表{1, 4, 9}的子集 我们暂时不考虑元素的顺序
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<List<Integer>> subs = subsets(Arrays.asList(1, 4, 9));
subs.forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static List<List<Integer>> subsets(List<Integer> l) {
if (l.isEmpty()) {
List<List<Integer>> ans = new ArrayList<>();
ans.add(Collections.emptyList());
return ans;
}
Integer first = l.get(0);
List<Integer> rest = l.subList(1, l.size());
List<List<Integer>> subans = subsets(rest);
List<List<Integer>> subans2 = insertAll(first, subans);
return concat(subans, subans2);
}
public static List<List<Integer>> insertAll(Integer first, List<List<Integer>> lists) {
List<List<Integer>> result = new ArrayList<>();
for (List<Integer> l : lists) {
List<Integer> copyList = new ArrayList<>();
copyList.add(first);
copyList.addAll(l);
result.add(copyList);
}
return result;
}
static List<List<Integer>> concat(List<List<Integer>> a, List<List<Integer>> b) {
List<List<Integer>> r = new ArrayList<>(a);
r.addAll(b);
return r;
}
}
给定一个列表List<value> 比如{1, 4, 5, 9, 8, 1, 3, 6, 7} 构造一个List<List<Integer>> 形如{{1, 4, 5}, {9, 8}, {1, 3}, {6, 7}} 即以0~5, 6~7, 8~9划分成连续的分段