《中式英语之鉴》学习笔记40：由并列连词连接的句子成分
2017-05-27 一只少女哩 英美报刊杂志
由并列连词连接的句子成分
主要的并列连词有"and","or"/"nor","but"（其他的——"for","so","yet"——较少使用不怎么常见），这些连词连接在句子中起着相同语法作用的单词或词组。
· On Mount Emei it starts snowing in lateOctober or early November, and it does not stop until April.
"late October"和"earlyNovember"以"or"连接，两者都作为介词"in"的宾语，而这一整句的两个部分以"and"连接，两者都是独立的分句。
· Li said that China and the Netherlandsshared many common views on safeguarding world peace, promoting economicdevelopment, and enhancing cooperation and exchanges, despitedifferences in historical and cultural background and level ofdevelopment.
句中有五个"and"，第一个连接"that"引导的从句的两个主语；第二个连接介词"on"的三个宾语；第三个连接动名词"enhancing"的两个宾语；第四个连接名词"background"的两个修饰语；第五个连接介词"in"的两个宾语。
“平行”并不是“相同”，"give me liberty or give me death"中的两个分句意思完全不同，但是他们的意思是平行的。在句中并列成分的作用与意思都是平行时，为了逻辑连贯和意义清楚，就应该以平行的形式来表达。虽说平行角度和完美的对称性都很少能达到，也不是很有必要，但至少平行的形式意味着一对单词或词组一定是同样的语法种类。
首先，单独的词语不能与短语或分句连接，另外，如果连接的成分都是单词，那么必须是相同的词性——名词，形容词等；如果是短语，则都是同样的类型——不定式；分词等；若是分句，则应是同一等级——主句或从句。有三个或更多的成分连接在一起也是一样的：全都必须是同一种类型。
错配成分的例子
以下例句中，A句由于并列连词连接的成分属于不同的语法种类，所以平行错误。换句话说，A句有着平行的作用和平行的意思，却不是平行的形式。而B句则使其语法关系一致，使句子变得流畅。
A: Also to be coordinated [betweenHong Kong and Guangdong] are water supply, security, and howto move people and trucks across the border more efficiently.（名词+名词+不定式短语）
B: Also to be coordinated are watersupply, security, and efficient movement of people and trucksacross the border.（三个名词）
A: Whether reunification can bebrought about smoothly will be determined by two factors. One is the resultof the practice of "one country, two systems" in Hong Kong, and theother is whether we can make a breakthrough in economic development.（名词+从句）
B: Whether reunification can bebrought about smoothly will be determined by two factors. One is how wellthe "one country, two systems" formula is applied in Hong Kong,and the other is how successful we are in developing the economy.（两个从句）
A: Timber is needed forconstruction and to withstand floods.（介词短语+不定式短语）
B: Timber is needed to providematerial for construction and to help withstand floods.（两个不定式短语）
A: They [mainland educators] alsoexpect their Taiwan counterparts in education to edit textbooks to follow theprinciple of seeking truth from facts, being responsible for theyoung and for the future of the Chinese nation, and safeguard theunification of the motherland.（动名词+动名词+动词）
B: They also expect their Taiwancounterparts in education to edit textbooks to follow the principle of seekingtruth from facts, being responsible for the young and for the future ofthe Chinese nation, and safeguarding the unification of the motherland.（三个动名词）
A: Adhering to the principles of integratingMarxism-Leninism with the realities of the Chinese revolution, seekingtruth from facts, and the mass line, the Party skillfully wielded thetwo weapons — the United Front and armed struggle.（动名词+动名词+名词）
B: Adhering to the principles of integrating Marxism-Leninism withthe realities of the Chinese revolution, seeking truth from facts, and followingthe mass line, the Party skillfully wielded the two weapons — the United Frontand armed struggle.（三个动名词）
上述例句都是将成分形式改变进行统一，这是更正这类句子最常见的方法，但是有时改变形式也不能使句子流畅通顺，那可能是由于这些成分逻辑上其实并不平行，那么就不要强行用平行结构，而是换成另一种结构。
关于名词和动名词混合的注意事项
最后一个例子中有两个动名词和一个名词，改变第三个为动名词仅仅因为读者需要而已，如果不这样改变，会容易使读者认为党从事实和群众路线中寻找真相。
但是由于动名词和名词如此紧密地联系在一起，有时候也能不产生歧义或明显的错误搭配，可以一起使用，例如下述例句，尽管是名词+动名词+名词，读者也不会感到有什么矛盾：
· Local financial and economic departmentsthroughout the country were demanding that the regulation, planningand administration of many matters be centralized as well.
这意味着当名词和动名词混合的组合或许可行，也或许不可行，需要根据实际情况判断。
阅
