一,fixed-income securities:elements
1,基本特征
- issuers
- money market \ capital market
- pure discount - Zero-coupon bonds
- affirmative and negative covenants
正向合约:发行人必须履行,
负向合约:发行人限制行为 - foreign bonds:中国(A)企业在日本(B)发行日元(B)债;
Eurobonds: 中国(A)企业在日本(B)发行美元(C)债;
Global bonds:特殊的Eurobonds
2,分类
按照cash flow
- bullet structure,有一个balloon payment
- amortizing structure,(entire / part) 本金摊销
- sinking fund provision,偿债基金
- floating-rate notes
- set-up coupon notes,是coupon 递增或递减;
- credit-linked coupon bonds, 是coupon 随着信用增减
- payment- in - kind bonds,付息用新债券而不是现金
- Deferred coupon bonds,
- index-linked bonds,
3,含权债券
- call option 利于发行人,可赎回
- put option 利于bondholder
二,fixed-income market
1,issuance
- best efforts
- underwritten
三,valuation
1,price and yield
- coupon越小越敏感
- no-arbitrage price ,是用spot rate 折现的价格
- full price = clean price + accrued interest
- matrix price,使用插值法
yield curve
- spot curve
- forward curve, forward rate ,1y1y
yield spread
- benchmark spread
G-spread——government bond yield
I-spread——swap rate - Z-spread
- option-adjusted spread——含权
四,ABS
tranching structure
- contraction risk and extent risk
五,fixed income risk and return
收益来源:
- coupon and principal payment
- reinvestment of coupon
- capital gain or loss
利率风险:
- coupon 再投资风险
- 价格风险
- 短期投资horizon: 市场价格风险大于再投资风险
- 长期投资horizon: 市场价格风险小于再投资风险
duration——度量利率风险
现金流时间的加权平均,权重为每期现金流折现的现值占总现值的比例;
每单位yield 变动导致的每单位债券价格变动
久期的影响因素
- maturity,反比
- coupon rate,反比
- YTM,反比
PVBP
convexity
- 期权对凸性的影响
duration gap
Macaulay duration - investment horizon