collections.Counter 源码实现<a id="sec-1" name="sec-1"></a>
Counter 的相关源码在lib下的collections.py里，本文所提及的源码是python2.7版本, 可参见github。
__init__<a id="sec-1-1" name="sec-1-1"></a>
class Counter(dict):
'''Dict subclass for counting hashable items. Sometimes called a bag
or multiset. Elements are stored as dictionary keys and their counts
are stored as dictionary values.
'''
def __init__(*args, **kwds):
'''Create a new, empty Counter object. And if given, count elements
from an input iterable. Or, initialize the count from another mapping
of elements to their counts.
>>> c = Counter() # a new, empty counter
>>> c = Counter('gallahad') # a new counter from an iterable
>>> c = Counter({'a': 4, 'b': 2}) # a new counter from a mapping
>>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2) # a new counter from keyword args
'''
if not args:
raise TypeError("descriptor '__init__' of 'Counter' object "
"needs an argument")
self = args[0]
args = args[1:]
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
super(Counter, self).__init__()
self.update(*args, **kwds)
Counter 继承字典类来实现，初始化中对参数进行有效性校验，其中 args 接受除了 self 外最多一个未知参数。校验完成后调用自身的 update 方法来具体创建数据结构。
update<a id="sec-1-2" name="sec-1-2"></a>
def update(*args, **kwds):
'''Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them.
'''
if not args:
raise TypeError("descriptor 'update' of 'Counter' object "
"needs an argument")
self = args[0]
args = args[1:]
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
iterable = args[0] if args else None
if iterable is not None:
if isinstance(iterable, Mapping):
if self:
self_get = self.get
for elem, count in iterable.iteritems():
self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) + count
else:
super(Counter, self).update(iterable) # fast path when counter is empty
else:
self_get = self.get
for elem in iterable:
self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) + 1
if kwds:
self.update(kwds)
update 方法先检查参数，位置参数除了self外只允许有一个。然后对传入的参数进行判断，如果是以 Counter(a=1,b=2) 的方式调用的，这时候取出 kwds({'a':1,'b'=2}) 再调用自身，将关键字参数转化为位置参数处理。
如果传入的位置参数是一个mapping类型的，对应于 Counter({'a':1,'b':2}) 这样的方式调用，这种情况会判断self是否为空，在初始化状态下self总是空的，这边加上判断是因为update 方法不仅近在 __init__() 里调用，还可以这样调用:
x1 = collections.Counter({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
x2 = collections.Counter(a=1, b=2)
x1.update(x2) # Counter()类型 isinstance(iterable, Mapping) 也返回 True
# 或者这样调用
x1 = collections.Counter({'a': 1, 'b': 2})
x1.update('aab')
如果传入的不是一个mapping类型，那么会迭代该参数的每一项作为key添加到Counter中
most_common<a id="sec-1-3" name="sec-1-3"></a>
def most_common(self, n=None):
'''List the n most common elements and their counts from the most
common to the least. If n is None, then list all element counts.
>>> Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba').most_common(3)
[('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]
'''
# Emulate Bag.sortedByCount from Smalltalk
if n is None:
return sorted(self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return _heapq.nlargest(n, self.iteritems(), key=_itemgetter(1))
如果调用 most_common 不指定参数n则默认返回全部(key, value)组成的列表，按照value降序排列。
itemgetter<a id="sec-1-3-1" name="sec-1-3-1"></a>
这里用到了有趣的 itemgetter(代码里用了别名_itemgetter) , 它是来自 operator 模块中的方法，可以从下面的代码感受一下:
# 例子来源python文档
# 举例:
After f = itemgetter(1), the call f(r) returns r[1].
After g = itemgetter(2, 5, 3), the call g(r) returns (r[2], r[5], r[3]).
# 实现:
def itemgetter(*items):
if len(items) == 1:
item = items[0]
def g(obj):
return obj[item]
else:
def g(obj):
return tuple(obj[item] for item in items)
return g
# 常见用法:
>>> itemgetter(1)('ABCDEFG')
'B'
>>> itemgetter(1,3,5)('ABCDEFG')
('B', 'D', 'F')
>>> itemgetter(slice(2,None))('ABCDEFG')
'CDEFG'
>>> inventory = [('apple', 3), ('banana', 2), ('pear', 5), ('orange', 1)]
>>> getcount = itemgetter(1)
>>> map(getcount, inventory)
[3, 2, 5, 1]
>>> sorted(inventory, key=getcount)
[('orange', 1), ('banana', 2), ('apple', 3), ('pear', 5)]
heapquue<a id="sec-1-3-2" name="sec-1-3-2"></a>
heap queue是“queue algorithm”算法的python实现，调用 _heapq.nlargest() 返回了根据每个value排序前n个大的(key, value)元组组成的列表。具体heap queue使用参见文档。
elements<a id="sec-1-4" name="sec-1-4"></a>
elements 方法实现了按照value的数值重复返回key。它的实现很精妙，只有一行:
def elements(self):
'''Iterator over elements repeating each as many times as its count.
>>> c = Counter('ABCABC')
>>> sorted(c.elements())
['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C']
'''
return _chain.from_iterable(_starmap(_repeat, self.iteritems()))
该实现里用到了 itertools 里的 repeat starmap chain 三个方法, 直接按照每项计数的次数重复返回每项内容，拼成一个列表。
repeat<a id="sec-1-4-1" name="sec-1-4-1"></a>
repeat生成一个迭代器，根据第二个参数不停滴返回接受的第一个参数。直接看实现，很好理解, 类似实现如下：
def repeat(object, times=None):
# repeat(10, 3) --> 10 10 10
if times is None:
while True:
yield object
else:
for i in xrange(times):
yield object
starmap<a id="sec-1-4-2" name="sec-1-4-2"></a>
starmap接受的第一个参数是一个函数，生成一个迭代器，不停滴将该函数以第二个参数传来的每一项为参数进行调用（说得抽象，看例子好理解）,类似实现如下：
def starmap(function, iterable):
# starmap(pow, [(2,5), (3,2), (10,3)]) --> 32 9 1000
for args in iterable:
yield function(*args)
chain.from_iterable<a id="sec-1-4-3" name="sec-1-4-3"></a>
chain.from_iterable 接受一个可迭代对象，返回一个迭代器，不停滴返回可迭代对象的每一项，类似实现如下：
def from_iterable(iterables):
# chain.from_iterable(['ABC', 'DEF']) --> A B C D E F
for it in iterables:
for element in it:
yield element
substract<a id="sec-1-5" name="sec-1-5"></a>
substract的实现和update实现很像，不同之处在counter()相同的项的计数相加改成了相减。
def subtract(*args, **kwds):
'''Like dict.update() but subtracts counts instead of replacing them.
Counts can be reduced below zero. Both the inputs and outputs are
allowed to contain zero and negative counts.
Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.
>>> c = Counter('which')
>>> c.subtract('witch') # subtract elements from another iterable
>>> c.subtract(Counter('watch')) # subtract elements from another counter
>>> c['h'] # 2 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch
0
>>> c['w'] # 1 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch
-1
'''
if not args:
raise TypeError("descriptor 'subtract' of 'Counter' object "
"needs an argument")
self = args[0]
args = args[1:]
if len(args) > 1:
raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
iterable = args[0] if args else None
if iterable is not None:
self_get = self.get
if isinstance(iterable, Mapping):
for elem, count in iterable.items():
self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) - count
else:
for elem in iterable:
self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) - 1
if kwds:
self.subtract(kwds)
**
+, -, &, |<a id="sec-1-6" name="sec-1-6"></a>
通过对 __add__, __sub__, __or__, __and__ 的定义，重写了 +, -, &, | ,实现了Counter间类似于集合的操作, 代码不难理解，值得注意的是，将非正的结果略去了:
def __add__(self, other):
'''Add counts from two counters.
>>> Counter('abbb') + Counter('bcc')
Counter({'b': 4, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
result = Counter()
for elem, count in self.items():
newcount = count + other[elem]
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
for elem, count in other.items():
if elem not in self and count > 0:
result[elem] = count
return result
def __sub__(self, other):
''' Subtract count, but keep only results with positive counts.
>>> Counter('abbbc') - Counter('bccd')
Counter({'b': 2, 'a': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
result = Counter()
for elem, count in self.items():
newcount = count - other[elem]
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
for elem, count in other.items():
if elem not in self and count < 0:
result[elem] = 0 - count
return result
def __or__(self, other):
'''Union is the maximum of value in either of the input counters.
>>> Counter('abbb') | Counter('bcc')
Counter({'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'a': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
result = Counter()
for elem, count in self.items():
other_count = other[elem]
newcount = other_count if count < other_count else count
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
for elem, count in other.items():
if elem not in self and count > 0:
result[elem] = count
return result
def __and__(self, other):
''' Intersection is the minimum of corresponding counts.
>>> Counter('abbb') & Counter('bcc')
Counter({'b': 1})
'''
if not isinstance(other, Counter):
return NotImplemented
result = Counter()
for elem, count in self.items():
other_count = other[elem]
newcount = count if count < other_count else other_count
if newcount > 0:
result[elem] = newcount
return result
其它<a id="sec-1-7" name="sec-1-7"></a>
# 当用Pickler序列化时，遇到不知道怎么序列化时，查找__reduce__方法
def __reduce__(self):
return self.__class__, (dict(self),)
# 重写删除方法，当Counter有这个key再删除，避免KeyError
def __delitem__(self, elem):
'Like dict.__delitem__() but does not raise KeyError for missing values.'
if elem in self:
super(Counter, self).__delitem__(elem)
# %s : String (converts any Python object using str()).
# %r : String (converts any Python object using repr()).
def __repr__(self):
if not self:
return '%s()' % self.__class__.__name__
items = ', '.join(map('%r: %r'.__mod__, self.most_common()))
return '%s({%s})' % (self.__class__.__name__, items)
@classmethod
def fromkeys(cls, iterable, v=None):
# There is no equivalent method for counters because setting v=1
# means that no element can have a count greater than one.
raise NotImplementedError(
'Counter.fromkeys() is undefined. Use Counter(iterable) instead.')
# 实现__missing__方法，当Couter['no_field'] => 0, 字典默认的__missing__ 方法不实现会报错(KeyError)
def __missing__(self, key):
'The count of elements not in the Counter is zero.'
# Needed so that self[missing_item] does not raise KeyError
return 0
总结<a id="sec-2" name="sec-2"></a>
总体来说，Counter通过对内置字典类型的继承重写来的实现，比较简洁，逻辑也很清楚，从源码中可以学到很多标准库里提供的很多的不常见的方法的使用，可以使代码更加简洁，思路更加流畅。
