Welcome to the Bitcoin Wiki
欢迎来到比特币知识库
Here we aim to provide a correct and up-to date set of information on the Bitcoin network and its features and functionality.
在这里，我们将为您提供正确的和最新的有关比特币网络及其特点和功能的信息。
Bitcoin比特币
Bitcoin is a peer to peer electronic cash system created byDr. Craig Wright under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. It was first detailed in theBitcoin Whitepaper in October 2008, and the source code was released in January 2009. The Bitcoin ledger and Block chain were established with the generation of theGenesis block on the 3rd of January 2009 and the mining of Block 1 six days later on the 9th of January 2009.
比特币是由Craig Wright博士以化名Satoshi Nakamoto创建的点对点电子现金系统。2008年10月的《比特币白皮书》首次对其进行了详细描述，并于2009年1月发布了源代码。随着2009年1月3日创世记区块的产生以及6天后，也就是2009年1月6日那天，挖到了史上第一个区块，比特币帐本和区块链自此得以建立。
Bitcoin allows electronic payments to be sent directly from one party to another, without requiring a central institution or server to process transactions and/or store funds.
比特币提供了一种直接从一方发送到另一方的电子化的支付方式。这种支付方式不需要中央机构或服务器来处理交易和／或存储资金。
The leaderless structure of the network is viewed as a resolution to The Byzantine Generals Problem allowing disconnected entities to follow a common direction without centralised instruction. This solves several issues previously seen as unsolvable in distributed networks, including the problem of preventing Double-spending of coins.
这种无领导结构的网络完全解决了“拜占庭将军问题”。它使得若干互不连接的实体，在没有统一中央指令的情况下，依然可以遵循一个共同的方向行动。很多之前在分布式网络中无解的问题，现在都得到了解决，比如防止钱币双花的问题。
Applications应用
Bitcoin is primarily a payment system which supports peer to peer connection and Instant Transactions. Early in the History of Bitcoin payments required users to understand complicated technical details of Bitcoin's technological underpinnings to make transactions. But developments such as Paymail and Simplified Payment Verification are changing the landscape and making it much easier for users to connect.
比特币主要是一种支持点对点连接和即时交易的支付系统。在比特币的早期，用户需要了解比特币的底层技术细节，才能进行交易。但Paymail和简化支付验证（SPV）等技术的发展，正在让用户之间的连接变得越来越方便。
Bitcoin also supports the development of application layer protocols which make use of Bitcoin Transactions as a transport layer for information exchange. Several Application layer protocols already exist for BitcoinSV - for more detail see Building on Bitcoin. The Metanet fuses Bitcoin's highly secure and instant sub-cent transactions with onchain data storage and transferability enabling efficient and secure web usage. This will bring forth an Internet of Value where Micropayments become a means to both access and monetize data.
比特币还支持应用层协议的开发，可以利用比特币交易作为信息交换的传输层。 BitcoinSV已经有几种应用层协议——更多细节请看《在比特币上做建设》。 Metanet将比特币高度安全和即时的低于一美分的交易与链上数据存储和可传输性融合在一起，从而实现高效和安全的网络使用。价值互联网即将到来，小微支付将成为一种访问数据和将数据货币化的手段。
Applications which make use of the immutable nature of the Bitcoin Ledger to store and retrieve data are emerging at an increasing rate. False Return scripts and other scripts that use Pushdata Opcodes to push data into Bitcoin transactions are creating new ways of recording data for public consumption. Bitcoin acts as a timestamp server allowing data to be validated and referenced using transactions.
利用比特币账本的不变性来存储和检索数据的应用正以越来越快的速度出现。假返回脚本和其他使用Pushdata操作码将数据推入比特币交易的脚本正在创造记录数据供公众使用的新方式。比特币作为一个时间戳服务器，允许使用交易来验证和引用数据。
Network网络
The Bitcoin Network is the network that all peers use to access the ledger. The network forms spontaneously over time as more peers access and use the system. There is no central governance that determines how peers on the network must connect, but the incentive structure that Bitcoin employs to bring enterprise miners into the system results in a spontaneously formed system which is simple and resilient.
比特币网络是所有节点用来访问账本的网络。随着时间的推移，越来越多的节点访问和使用系统，网络就会自动形成。没有中央治理来决定网络上的节点必须如何连接，但比特币采用的激励结构将企业矿工引入系统，从而形成一个简单而有弹性的自发形成的系统。
Once the final restrictions on the protocol are removed in the Chronicle Update (expected early-mid 2021) network users will be able to create partitioned zones which employ specific rulesets particular to their requirements. This will be enabled by creating transactions that use OP_VER to give particular subsets of nodes specialised instructions, and will create the effect of layered network partitions over the core system which are referred to as Bitcoin Layered Networks.
一旦在Chronicle Update （下一次更新升级代号）（预计在2021年中前）中消除了对协议的最终限制，网络用户将能够创建分区区域，该区域会采用针对他们需求的特定规则集。这将通过创建使用OP_VER的交易来给特定的节点子集提供专门的指令来实现，并将在核心系统上产生分层网络分区的效果，这被称为“比特币分层网络”。
The Ledger账本
The Bitcoin ledger is a record of all valid transactions that have ever been transmitted to the network. The ledger is formed as a Directed acyclic graph (DAG) where each transaction is a node. The graph starts at the Coinbase transaction of the first block ever found and via chains of digital signatures maps out the entire history of valid exchange actions, allowing the tracing of all bitcoins back to their creation.
比特币账本是已经传输到网络的所有有效交易的记录。账本形成为有向非循环图（DAG），其中每笔交易都是一个节点。该图表从发现的第一个区块的Coinbase交易开始，通过数字签名链绘制出有效交易行为的整个历史，允许追踪所有比特币的创建过程。
Valid transactions that are broadcast on The Bitcoin Network are committed to the ledger by miners in Blocks. A block consists of an ordered list of Bitcoin Transactions and a header which includes the root generated by hashing the listed transactions into a Merkle tree, a timestamp, a reference to the block it builds upon and the means to validate the Proof of Work needed for other miners to accept the block as valid.
矿工在区块中将在比特币网络上广播的有效交易提交到总账上。一个区块包括一个有序的比特币交易列表和一个标题，其中包括通过将列出的交易散列到默克尔树中生成的根，时间戳，也就是对其所构建的区块的参考以及需要其他矿工接受该区块有效的验证工作量证明的方法。
Blocks form a second layer DAG called the Block chain which is built by network miners in a competitive process. Each block forms a node in the graph with a single incoming edge from the block it is built upon. A block may have more than one outgoing edge in a case where multiple blocks were built upon it, but only one of those edges can become part of the longest chain of proof of work. A block without an edge to the longest chain of proof of work is called an Orphan Block.
区块构成第二层DAG（有向无环图），称为“区块链”，它是由网络矿工在竞争过程中建立的。每个区块在图中形成一个点，每个点在其建立的区块上都有一条向内的边。当多个区块构建在一个区块上时，一个区块可能具有多条向外的边，但是这些边中只有一条可以成为最长的工作量证明链的一部分。一个没有最长工作量证明的链的边的区块，我们称之为孤立块。
The structure of the block chain DAG means that there is a clearly traceable path back to the first block mined. Blocks are discovered just under every 10 minutes on average, with miners using a predefined mathematical algorithm to control the difficulty of the proof of work process to maintain that time frame.
区块链DAG的结构意味着有一条清晰可追溯的路径返回到第一个被挖掘区块。平均每10分钟就会发现一个区块，矿工使用一种预定义的数学算法来控制工作量证明过程的难度，以维持这个时间范围。
Transactions can be exchanged peer to peer using Simplified Payment Verification (SPV) to manage trust. SPV involves sending accompanying information with a transaction input that proves it is from a transaction that has been timestamped on the ledger.
通过使用简化支付验证(SPV)来管理信任，交易可以进行点对点交换。SPV包括发送随交易输入而来的信息，以证明其来自已在账本上加盖时间戳的交易。
Users can exchange unfinalised transactions without sending them to the network to be mined creating what are called Payment Channels. Payment channels allow users to conduct information exchange within valid Bitcoin transactions, only broadcasting a finalised transaction including the full value exchange to the mining network once the information transfer is complete.
用户可以交换未完成的交易，无需将其发送到网络上，从而创建所谓的支付渠道。支付渠道允许用户在有效的比特币交易中进行信息交换，只有在信息传输完成后，才向挖矿网络广播包括全部的价值交换的最终交易。
Once a transactions is sent to the network, global consensus can be reached on the validity in less than 2 seconds. If a transaction is not accepted by any miners and added to a block template, it is considered invalid. Transactions can be invalid for a variety of reasons such as being submitted with an invalid scriptSig, not adhering to network or miner rules, or not paying an adequate fee.
一旦将交易发送到网络，就可以在不到2秒的时间内就有效性达成全球共识。如果没有任何矿工接受这笔交易并将其添加到块模板中，则该交易被视为无效。交易无效的原因多种多样，比如使用无效的脚本提交、不遵守网络或矿工规则、或者没有支付足够的费用。
Transactions交易
All Bitcoin Transactions are payments of some kind. Transactions are written in a flexible scripting language that is used to assign custodial control to each transaction output via the creation of arbitrary spending conditions defined by scripts.
所有的比特币交易都是某种形式的付款。交易里包含了一种灵活的脚本语言。每笔交易有若干个输出，每个输出里都设置了一个托管机制，托管机制由脚本编写，规定了输出的币在什么条件下能花费出去。
Each transaction uses bitcoins stored in 'unspent transaction outputs' as the transaction inputs. The transaction process aggregates the satoshis held in each input and spends them into a new set of unspent transaction outputs. When UTXOs are spent in a transaction they are consumed.
一笔交易有若干输入。每个输入都对应一个过往的“未花费的交易输出”（UTXO），并使用掉后者中所储存的币。交易过程将每个输入中所包含的币（以“聪”为单位）进行汇总，再把它们拆分成一组新的未花费的交易输出。当一个UTXO被用在一个交易的输入中时，它就被花费了。
The Bitcoin scripting language can be used in a way that is Turing complete, creating a Turing machine that uses the Bitcoin ledger as a tape, reading to and writing from the transaction graph as needed.
比特币脚本语言可以以图灵完备的方式使用，创建一个以比特币账本为纸带的图灵机器，在由交易构成的图里面读取和写入数据。
The scripting language also includes opcodes that allow users to embed arbitrary data in transactions, providing for the creation of application layer protocols that use Bitcoin transactions as a transport layer.
该脚本语言还包括操作码，使用户可以在交易中嵌入任意数据，提供了创建使用比特币交易作为传输层的应用层协议。
Rewards paid to miners for the creation of a block are inscribed in what is called a Coinbase transaction. This transaction has a specific format and is always the last transaction in the block's Merkle tree.
矿工因创建区块而获得的报酬被写在Coinbase交易中。该交易具有特定的格式，始终是区块的默克尔树中的最后一笔交易。
Nodes and Mining节点和挖矿
The ledger is held on a distributed network of nodes who use hash based Proof of Work to compete for the right to extend it and as a means to enforce network rules. The proof of work of each block in the longest chain of work is incorporated into its subsequent block to form the chain structure.
账本保存在一个分布式的节点网络上，这些节点使用基于哈希的工作证明来竞争扩展它的权利，并将其作为执行网络规则的一种手段。将最长工作量链中每个区块的工作量证明并入其后续的区块中，形成链结构。
During the mining process, a node gathers transactions from the network and evaluates whether they are profitable to mine before putting them into a block template. Block templates are created by calculating the root of a Merkle tree containing all of the transactions being mined. The order of transactions in the Merkle tree is not related to their position in the transaction DAG. As new transactions arrive, they are added to the tree, creating a new, updated template. A block is found when a miner successfully discovers a value that generates a hash less than the difficulty target. The miner must then propagate the new block to the rest of the network who must then build an additional 100 blocks on top of it before the winner can claim the block reward.
在挖矿过程中，节点从网络中收集交易，并在将其放入区块模板之前评估其是否有利。区块模板是通过计算默克尔树的根来创建的，默克尔树包含所有被挖掘的交易。默克尔树中的交易顺序与它们在交易DAG中的位置无关。当新交易到达时，它们被添加到树中，创建一个新的、更新过的模板。当矿工成功发现一个生成的哈希值小于难度目标时，就会发现一个区块。矿工需要将他新计算出的区块广播给全网其他节点，该区块的区块奖励在这个区块被延长100个区块之后才可以花费。
Nodes are operated by the Bitcoin mining enterprises who build the network. Bitcoin's economic incentives are structured such that for the nodes to be most profitable at building the ledger they must be as closely connected to other well performing nodes as possible. This leads to miners forming a Small World Network which trends towards a Nearly Complete Graph where each miner is connected to most of the other miners. Miners gather transactions from users who connect in a layered network over the nodes at the core forming something that closely resembles a Mandala Network. Peers operating in these shell-like layers use Simplified Payment Verification to form a much less densely packed structure where information is exchanged in Payment Channels.
节点由构建网络的比特币挖矿企业运营。比特币的经济激励机制是，为了让节点在构建账本时获得最大利润，它们必须尽可能与其他表现良好的节点紧密相连。这导致矿工形成一个‘小世界网络’，趋向于一个‘近乎完整的图’，其中每个矿工都与大多数其他矿工相连。矿工从用户那里收集交易，用户通过核心节点连接成一个分层网络，形成类似曼陀罗网络的东西。在这些壳状层中操作的对等点使用SPV来形成一个不太密集的结构，以便在支付渠道中交换信息。
（曼陀罗网络是指一系列网络，这些网络既快速又具有成本效益，但能够抵抗故障和攻击。它们以层或壳世代构建，其名称源于它们与曼陀罗图像的视觉相似性，见下图）
As Bitcoin scales, the nodes who comprise the network will be variously compartmentalised into specialised hardware. These clustered systems will be distributed globally, each being placed in a location optimised for its task.
随着比特币规模的扩大，构成该网络的节点将被划分为不同的专用硬件。这些集群系统将分布在全球，每个系统所在的位置都针对其任务而进行了优化。
As enterprise organisations, Bitcoin miners must operate as legal entities within a given jurisdiction and as such are bound to the laws and legal processes that exist in that jurisdiction. Through this, miners can be compelled to enact certain rules or perform certain actions in order to comply with the law.
作为企业组织，比特币矿工必须在一个特定的管辖范围内作为法律实体运作，因此受该管辖范围内存在的法律和法律程序的约束。通过这种方式，可以迫使矿工制定某些规则或采取某些行动，以遵守法律。
Unit of account账户单位
Satoshis are the ledger's native unit of account and 100,000,000 satoshis is abstracted to one bitcoin. Satoshis are held in script puzzles called Unspent Transaction Outputs or UTXOs. These are transaction outputs which are held by miners in a quick access database called the UTXO set. During the spending process, UTXOs being used in a transaction are consumed and the solution to their puzzle script is recorded in the transaction.
聪是账本的原始账户单位，一亿聪抽象为一个比特币。聪保存在称为未花费交易输出或UTXOs的脚本难题中。这些是交易输出，由矿工保存在称为UTXO集的快速访问数据库中。在消费过程中，交易中使用的UTXOs被花费，并在交易中记录其难题脚本的解决方案。
Satoshis are distributed by miners to themselves as a subsidy payment during the network establishment phase. As the network matures, the subsidy dissipates forcing the miners to find alternate revenue streams. The payment allows miners to finance their operations through the payment of goods and services in bitcoin, spreading it through the economy.
在网络建立阶段，聪是由矿工作为补贴发给自己的。随着网络的成熟，补贴逐渐消失，迫使矿工寻找替代收入来源。这种支付方式使矿工能够通过比特币支付商品和服务来为自己的业务融资，并将其传播到整个经济中。
Network rules网络规则
Bitcoin operates on a fixed ruleset. So-called consensus rules include things such as the operation of the opcodes in Bitcoin Script, the rate at which new bitcoins are issued, the mathematical function used to calculate the target for the Difficulty algorithm and more. The protocol is agreed upon by the miners who control network operation.
比特币在固定的规则集上运行。所谓的共识规则包括比特币脚本中操作码的操作、新比特币的发行速度、用于计算难度算法目标的数学函数等等。该协议是由控制网络运行的矿工达成的协议。
There are no limits in the Bitcoin protocol. Any limits imposed are put in place by miners who are incentivised to catch the largest profitable pools of transactions they can. Miners compete to offer better service to fee paying users by scaling their own capabilities.
比特币协议没有任何限制。矿工来施行任何限制，他们被激励尽可能抓住利润最大的交易池。矿工通过扩大自己的能力来为付费用户提供更好的服务。
History历史
比特币历史丰富。
Tools and Building on Bitcoin比特币的工具和构建
Bitcoin has a rich and diverse set of tools which are being added to all the time.
比特币的工具丰富多样，并且还在持续增加。
