写在前面：

逻辑比单词重要，结构比意思重要

Agencies responsible for protecting natural resources too often issue permits allowing exploitation of those resources, a process that remains obscure given that agencies have become experts at masking their decisions in the scientific terms.

对保护自然资源有责任的机构太经常给出允许开发资源的许可，这种做法仍然保持模糊，使得这些机构在科学角度上闪烁其词成了专家。

*issue：发出，动词

*permits：许可证复数，名词

Scholars have marveled over the erudition that Shakespeare displays in his works, noting that such broad learning is all the more remarkable given that books were relatively scarce in Shakespeare’s time.

不少学者被莎士比亚戏剧中展现出来的博学而表示惊讶。他们表示，在莎士比亚的那个极度缺乏书籍的时期，能够学到如此丰富的学识是十分难得的。

*all the more：更加

*given that：状语，描述背景

Nylenna’s study showed that errors in scientific manuscripts submitted for publication often escape reviewers’ notice results that were not anomalous: when Godlee conducted a study of the same phenomenon, her findings were similar.

Nylenna 的研究表明提交出版的科学手稿中的错误经常让审稿人注意不到，这种结果并不反常:当 Godlee 做相同现象的研究时，她的发现是相似的。

To label Hamilton a foreigner because he was born outside what later became the United States is to assume anachronistically the existence of the nation before the fact. It is true that Hamilton came to believe that he was a stranger the United States, but his alienation was stemmed not from his birthplace but from his confrontation with American democracy, which he considered to be a disease afflicting the nation.

因为 H 出生在后来的美国领土之外就将他打上外国人的标签也就是时间上错误地认为了这个国家的存在先于他的出生。确实 H 开始相信他是一个美国的外地人，但是他的疏远并不是源于他的出生地而是源于他对抗美国的民主， 因为他把民主当成了毁坏这个国家的一种病害。

Scholarly works on detective stories often begin with apologies, suggesting that there is something vaguely wrong with adults who spend their time reading such fiction and certainly something awry in those who devote energy to its analysis.

那些侦探小说中的学术级作品通畅都是以道歉开头的，指出那些看这类书籍的达人们可能有点问题，并且一定是有什么东西歪曲了他们的想法才导致他们费尽心思去分析。

Benjamin Franklin’s reputation is so much one of appearing scientific investigation with commonsense empiricism that it is somewhat startling to realize how conjectural the great experiment’s mentoring truly was.

本杰明富兰克林源自于调查研究常识经验而得到的声名，所以当人们意识到这个伟大实验的指导真正上是如此依靠推测的时候，人们感到很惊讶。

This durable myth, which debunked that nothing should have been known of pasta in Italy until 1295, when Marco Polo returned from the Far East, can easily be (ii)_____ by pointing out that there are Italian references to pasta that predate the event.

The science community’s perennial lament over inadequate budgets has come to seem increasing disingenuous, because government support for science and engineering has never been greater.

科学社会对预算不足常年慨叹似乎变得越来越虚伪，因为政府对科学和工程支持从未如此巨大。

*have never + 比较级：从未如此xx，肯定语气

Some experts estimate that the recreational salmon fishery in British Columbia contributes more to the province’s economy than the commercial salmon fishery does—a surprising statistic given the political commercial prominence of the fishery in the province.

一些专家估计，不列颠哥伦比亚省的休闲鲑鱼渔业对该省的经济贡献比商业鲑鱼渔业更多 - 这是一个令人惊讶的统计数据，因为该省的渔业政治商业突出。

*given that / given：在……的情况下

In modern times, friendship has become a paradigmatic relationship: a form of connection in terms of which all are understood and against which all are measured.

在现代，友情已经变得范例化：所有(人或事)都能用这种关系来理解，所有(人或事)都能用这种关系来衡量。

Not only is the advent of bookless or largely bookless libraries too large and powerful a change to be averted, it also offers too many real advantages for it to be considered a tragedy.

某个东西not only too large and powerful，also offers too many real advantages，以至于不能认为是一个悲剧。

Schechter is atypically unimpressed with the film version of Stephen King’s horror novel The shining because the qualities for which the majority of other critics have approved it (its artful camera work and so on) get in the way of narrative and render the story less, rather than more, terrifying than other films of the same genre.

Schechter对电影版的斯蒂芬金的恐怖小说异常地不感兴趣，因为大多数其他评论家批准它的质量（其巧妙的相机作品等）妨碍了叙事并使故事更少，而不是 比同类型的其他电影更可怕。

*S不感兴趣，因为most critics说的那些缺点，S和most critics看法一样，atypically只是形容程度，二者的态度是取同而不是取反

It seems foolish to refuse the offer of an expedient that is both so indispensable to success and so difficult to create them absent.

拒绝一个既对成功不可或缺又很难没有它的权宜之计似乎是愚蠢的。

*indispensable与后面的无他很难成功取同

Argument may be an overly robust word to apply to the gossamer contrivance that is A Summer of Humming birds. In what seems a self-conscious emulation of its mascot the book flits from one subject or moment in history to another, following the various whims of its author.

议论文这个词，对于形容 a summer of humming bird 这样一个轻飘飘 的创造来说，恐怕太过强大。在看起来像是自觉对吉祥物的效仿中，这本书轻 快地跳跃于一个又一个主题或历史时刻之间，追随作者的奇思异想。

Carmen’s affection for her sister, though not unbounded, was plainly too great to permit a painless departure.

Carmen 对于她姐妹的喜爱，尽管不是无限制的，但明显还是太强烈了以 至于无法有无痛苦的离别。

In this single volume, Kenny aims to survey for the general reader all of ancient philosophy; understandably, space in such a book is at the premium, and he is not to be faulted for minor omissions. However, Kenny would have added significantly to his book’s value had he more effectively signaled the influence of ancient philosophy on the subsequent tradition. As it is, newcomers to the subject will have little sense of the afterlife enjoyed by ancient philosophy in the period 1600-1750.

在这一卷中，肯尼的目的是为普通读者调查所有古代哲学; 可以理解的是，这样一本书中的空间是非常宝贵的，他不应该因轻微遗漏而受到指责。 然而，如果他更有效地表明古代哲学对后来传统的影响，肯尼会大大增加他的书的价值。 因为他没有这么做，新进入这个主题的人对1600 - 1750年间古代哲学津津乐道的来世几乎没有什么感觉。

*虚拟语气：Kenny would have added significantly to his book’s value had he more effectively signaled...

Even the reader acquainted with the outlines of Pushkin’s biography will be stuck by the suffocating lack of creative freedom so vividly conveyed in Binyon’s biography. Not only was Pushkin’s personal correspondence intercepted and his movements monitored, but Tsar Nicholas I’s decision to oversee Pushkin’s career obliged Pushkin to submit all his manuscripts for inspection.

即使是熟悉普希金传记轮廓的读者，也会被Binyon传记中生动地传达的令人窒息的创作自由所困扰。 普希金的私人通信不仅被截获，而且他的动作受到监控，但沙皇尼古拉斯一世决定监督普希金的职业生涯，迫使普希金提交他所有的手稿以供检查。

*correspondence：符合；通信

*oversee：监视

*stuck by：惊讶

The reclusive clergyman may have lived and died in melancholy, but this doesn’t seem to have hampered his genius in any way. On the contrary, we find ourselves wondering whether his genius wasn’t served in some mysterious way by his mood.

隐居的牧师可能在忧郁中生活和死亡，但这似乎并没有以任何方式妨碍他的天才。 相反，我们发现自己想知道他的天才是不是以某种神秘的方式被他的情绪所服务。

*wether后面跟的是was还是wasn‘t都一样，没有否定的意思

*serve：服务，含帮助的意思

Applications of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) have fared best in contexts in which habitat condition is closely linked to species condition and the cause of habitat degradation is easily identified. The achievements of the ESA in those contexts, however, have fostered the misconception that other uses of the act can duplicate that record even where such favorable conditions do not pertain.

濒危物种法（ESA）的应用，在其栖息地的条件是与物种的状况是密切相关而且栖息地退化的原因是很容易识别的时候是表现最好的。 然而，在这些情况下，欧空局的成就助长了一种误解，即即使这种有利条件不适用，这种应用的其他使用也可以复制之前的结果。

Firebaugh and Beck contend that economic development improves the overall well-being of people within developing countries. However, other scholars emphasize the limitation of this view, empirically demonstrating that while economic development does in fact contribute to the well- being of the population of developing countries, the magnitude of development’s positive effects on well-being has decreased over time. In other words, these scholars suggest that a decoupling of economic development and human well-being is taking place in developing countries.

Firebaugh和Beck认为，经济发展可以改善发展中国家人民的整体福祉。 然而，其他学者强调这种观点的局限性，从经验上证明，虽然经济发展确实有助于发展中国家人口的福祉，但发展对幸福的积极影响随着时间的推移而减少。 换句话说，这些学者认为发展中国家正在发生经济发展与人类福祉的脱钩。

Even those observers who are the most zealous about genetic privacy issues would have to concede that genetic discrimination is rare: there have only been two cases of any notoriety.

即使那些最热衷于遗传隐私问题的观察者也不得不承认遗传歧视是罕见的：只有两个声名狼借的案例。

It is possible for human to go 40 or more hours without sleep and still be able to disgorge information acquired at the beginning of the sleepless period. Thus, when we are considering a role for sleep in human memory consolidation, we are referring to a possible role in the long-term encoding of information and optimizing of recall, not a facet of sleep for recalling events of the prior day.

人类可以在没有睡眠的情况下进行40小时或更长时间，并且仍然能够发出在无眠期开始时获取所获得的信息。 因此，当我们考虑睡眠在人类记忆巩固中的作用时，我们指的是长期编码信息和优化回忆的可能作用，而不是回忆前一天事件的睡眠方面。

*disgorge：呕吐，涌流，发出去

The science of astronomy was begun by amateurs and today remains dependent on their contributions, which are incisive by virtue of being unencumbered by the a priori assumptions that often vitiate the work of professional research scientists.

天文学科学是由业余爱好者开始的，今天仍然依赖于他们的贡献，这些贡献是很尖锐的，因为他们没有受到常常使专业研究科学家的工作失效的先决条件的影响。

*by virtue of：凭借

It’s hardly perfection the committee calls for: rudimentary competence would be an improvement on the current chaos.

委员会几乎不要求完美：基本能力将是对目前混乱的改善。

While some commentators suggest that abstraction and complexity in scientific research are signs that a given direction is misguided, Lisa Randall, a professor of physics at Harvard, counters that these qualities instead reflect the success of human ingenuity in meeting the increasingly difficult challenges that nature presents. They can, however, make it more challenging to communicate scientific developments, even to colleague.

Unquestionably, the particular forms that folly and cruelty take in Jane Austen’s novels are shaped by the character’s social milieu, which was also Austen’s own; but to realize that one’s society motivates people in unfortunate ways is not necessarily to condemn it, for the alternatives, though different, might be no more salutary.

毫无疑问，简·奥斯汀小说中愚蠢和残忍的特殊形式是由角色的社会环境所塑造的，这也是奥斯汀自己的风格; 但是要意识到一个人的社会以不幸的方式调动人们的积极性并不一定要谴责它，因为其他的选择，尽管不尽相同，却不会（比谴责）更有用了。

So, perhaps the lesson is that rather than wanting their monarchy to emulate its modernized Scandinavian counterparts, the British public cherishes it most when it is most anachronistic.

*modernized和anachronistic取反

It can be frustrated to read Margaret Fuller’s travel writing, as she produced accounts of her travel that conformed to conventions of bourgeois travel narrative, often capitulating to the most well-worn clichés of the genre at precisely the moments when she sought most energetically to cast them off in favor of some new, more passionate mode of discernment.

读M的旅行写作让人十分沮丧，因为她。。。遵从bourgeois的惯例，经常屈服于最陈旧的陈腔滥调，在她最积极地想要去丢弃这些惯例寻找更有激情的模式的时候。

In 1884, Sewall and Dow agreed to join Roosevelt in the Dakota territory for reasons that appear to have been pecuniary: Sewell later recalled that Roosevelt guaranteed them a share of anything made in his cattle business.

One of the vocalists who auditioned for a leading part in the local production of Sweeney Todd seemed to prefer shriek to any attempt at producing a melody; a more unpleasant voice was hard to imagine.

*more。。is hard，不会有更不好听的了

Partly because of Lee’s skill at synthesizing emergent trends drawn from many fields of study, her theories appeared to present, with uncanny aptness, ideas already half-formulated in the minds of her contemporaries.

*emergent：新兴的。两个空对应

Fifty pages of footnotes, some of them presenting quite lengthy bibliographies, suggest that very few pertinent sources on the Black Arts movement in literature have eluded Thompson’s search; moreover, the text makes it clear that the author’s examination of these sources has been similarly exhaustive.

*本题逻辑丝丝入扣，好好体会

*exhaustive：全面的

Instead of demonstrating the promise of archaeological applications of electronic remote sensing, the pioneering study became, to some skeptics, an illustration of the imprudence of interpreting sites based on virtual archaeology.

*promise：成功的迹象，ground for expectation of success, improvement, or excellence（韦氏词典）

Some ethicists worry that a deeper understanding of the brain may be tantamount to exculpation; if we discover that free will is an illusion of neural circuitry, how will we hold people responsible for their actions?

一些伦理学家担心，对大脑的深入理解可能等于开除罪行; 如果我们发现自由意志是神经回路的幻觉，我们如何让人们对自己的行为负责？

9. The media have constantly disparaged the governor’s competence and have found a public only too eager to applaud their derision.

*情感没有指向的时候，填对已知内容的概括

The physics graveyard is strewn with the skeletons of failed theories, unexplained effects, and anomalous particles that briefly secure the research spotlight, then rapidly fade from view.

*secure：获取

The notion of film producers as the ogres of the movie business has proved an enduring one, but according to The Producers by Tim Adler, it is not always grounded in reality. Attacking what he calls the “auteur myth”—the idea of the director as the single purveyor of art in an industry otherwise peopled with profitmonger —he places at the heart of his book an image of the producer, not the director, as the primary creative force in the development and production of a movie.

电影制片人作为电影业的食人魔的概念已被证明是一种持久的观念，但根据蒂姆阿德勒的制片人的说法，它并不总是以现实为基础。 他攻击所谓的“导演神话” - 导演作为一个行业艺术的唯一提供者，其他的都充满着利益商人 - 他的书的核心是制片人的形象，而不是导演，作为主要 在电影的开发和制作中的创造力。

*people：作动词，居住，充满

The museum’s compelling new architectural exhibition looks at eleven projects around the world that have had major social impacts despite modest budgets. It is part of a shift in philosophy in the museum’s architecture and design department, which in the past has championed architecture’s artistic value over its real-world consequences.

Consolidating memory is not instantaneous or even inevitable: every memory must be encoded and moved from short-term to long-term storage, and some of these memories are, for whatever reason, more vividly imprinted than others.

Scientific papers often misrepresent what actually happened in the course of the investigations they describe. Misunderstandings , blind alleys, and mistakes of various sorts will fail to appear in the final written accounts because efficiency is a desirable attribute when transmitting results in a scientific report and would be poorly served by a comprehensive historical account.

科学论文经常歪曲他们所描述的调查过程中实际发生的事情。各种类型的误解，盲目的小巷和错误将不会出现在最终的书面记录中，因为效率在科学报告中传递结果时的是非常理想的属性，而全面的历史记录而难以满足（效率）。

While people complain about their hectic lives and demanding schedules, one might be justified in suspecting that they are being somewhat disingenuous: compulsive busyness seems to be, for many, a source of pride.

虽然人们抱怨他们忙碌的生活和苛刻的日程安排，但人们可能有理由怀疑他们有些不诚实：对许多人来说，强迫性的忙碌似乎是一种自豪感。

Memory-prompt technology such as online birthday reminders does more than enhance our recall abilities; it induces us to delegate ever more behaviors to automated processes. Witness the popularity of a program that allows us to create computer greeting cards for the entire year in one sitting.

记忆提示技术，如在线生日提醒，不仅可以提高我们的回忆能力; 它促使我们将更多行为委托给自动化流程。 见证一个程序的受欢迎程度，该程序允许我们一次创建全年的计算机贺卡。

Even if he wants to serve again—and given his obvious love for the job, the assumption among insiders is that he is more likely to stay than go—there is at least impediment his serving another term.

*破折号不用看

Although Wynne claims to recognize that insufficient evidence is available to make definitive statement, she offers them nonetheless, arriving at some sweeping generalizations.

尽管W认为得到确定的结论现在的证据是不足的，但她仍然给予了笼统的概括。

*否定词+is available还是否定不是肯定

A certain amount of theoretical frenzy about comics today is understandable. After all, similar frenzies have been in other art forms in periods of their rapid development, for instance, the debates about painting that roiled Renaissance Italy. But such intellectual arousal rarely precedes creative glory. On the contrary, it commonly indicates that an artistic breakthrough, having been made and recognized, is over, and that a process of increasing strained emulation and diminishing returns has set in.

今天有关漫画的一定理论狂热是可以理解的。 毕竟，类似的狂乱也存在于其他艺术形式飞速发展的时期，例如，关于绘画的是搅乱意大利文艺复兴时期的辩论。但这种智力唤起很少出现在创造性的杰作之前。 相反，它通常表明，已经制定和认可的艺术突破已经结束，并且已经出现了增加紧张模仿和收益递减的过程。

The characters in this comic strip fret about the triviality of their “little counterculture lives”, especially when terrible things are happening in the world, but the cartoonist makes their lives resonate in ways that do not seem inconsequential at all. Real things happen here—births, deaths, adoptions, affairs, breakups, commitments, ceremonies, civil union—and they matter.

这部漫画中的人物担心他们的“小反文化生活”的微不足道，特别是当世界上发生了可怕的事情时，但是漫画家让他们的生活产生共鸣，而这种方式似乎并不是无关紧要的。 真实的事情发生在这里 - 出生，死亡，领养，事务，分手，承诺，仪式，民事联盟 - 这些都很重要。

*第一、三空对应

Even if the story now seems a surprisingly innocuous overture to the author’s later, more fully developed narrations, it anticipate some of the key traits of those bleaker tales.

就算这个故事现在看起来对这个作者后来的，更加深入发展的叙述，似乎出人意料的毫无影响，（但是）它预示了阴郁故事的一些特征。

*不要被一大堆修饰词和逗号影响了，抓主干

The modern iron suspension bridge dates from the early nineteenth century, but it did not have propitious debut; many early suspension bridges were damaged, if not outright destroyed, by the wind. There were few practical alternatives, however, so the form persists.

这个现代铁悬索桥的历史可以追溯到十九世纪初，但它并没有吉祥的首次亮相; 许多早期的悬索桥都受损了，如果没有被风彻底摧毁。 然而，几乎没有实际的替代方案，所以这个形式仍然存在。

*题眼：debut 初次亮相，废墟是debris

*damage：受损，destroy：摧毁

The new art museum’s outstanding building augurs well for that ambitious institution because it speaks of discernment that may promise equal astuteness about contemporary art.

新艺术馆的接触建筑预示了这个有雄心的机构因为它体现了洞察力，这个洞察力会承诺对当代艺术的同等的敏锐。

*题眼：equal astuteness

The author’s best-selling book on Virginia Woolf is not idealized treatment of her subject; on the contrary, it presents unflinching portrait of the novelist, faults and all.

*题眼：fault 缺点

Convinced of the gravity of her poetry, Voigt must have found the reviews of her most recent collection depressing reading: one amused reviewer thought that it was unrecognizable as poetry but decidedly diverting.

*题眼：gravity 庄重，严肃

Joshua Gisemba Bagaka found that the pedagogical results of group projects and other engaged learning activities in Kenyan mathematics classroom were mixed/inconsistent; such activities, then, may not be the best way of improving mathematics education.

*矛盾的

The platitudinous nature of the candidate’s comments is calculated. As a long-standing target of critics who regard him as radical, he understands that he needs to be as innocuous as possible if he is to overcome those critiques and appear as a conciliatory leader.

*题眼：calculated 故意的，经过计算的

Although in his new book he tends to repeat himself like a loquacious uncle, McHughen makes a persuasive case for the safety of tinkering with genes to create new foods.

*题眼：repeat himself

When a new scientific model emerges, research studies affirming that paradigm tend to dominate in the scientific literature: the process of selecting articles for publication is tilted towards positive results. But once the paradigm have become entrenched, the academic incentives shift in the opposite direction: research results are more considered worthy publication when they undermine what has become the established view.

当一种新的科学模型出现时，研究证实范式往往在科学文献中占主导地位：选择出版物的过程倾向于积极的结果。 但是，一旦范式变得根深蒂固，学术激励就会朝着相反的方向发展：当研究结果破坏已成为既定观点时，研究结果被认为是值得发表的。

Although it is not uncommon for journalists to portray political inexperience on the part of public officials as an advantage, it was nevertheless surprising when members of the press treated the new senator’s obvious naiveté as an extraordinary virtue.

*题眼：inexperience 缺乏经验，extraordinary virtue

The politician’s record while in office, though admirable, hardly accounts for her high standard three decades later—a standing all the more unusual because of continuing assaults on her reputation during those years.

*破折号后的不是解释，是递进，更不同寻常了，因为甚至还有持续的攻击

Investors are grateful that the attorney general has stepped in to pursue inquiries into misfeasance in the financial markets, given that the regulators officially charged with policing the industry have been diffident.

投资者很感激司法部长已介入调查金融市场的不当行为，因为管理该行业的官方监管机构一直优柔寡断。

Pioneering medical research scientists’ inflated claims regarding the potential benefits of new researches make the public wonder their own doctors are not dispensing miracles. There are forces, both external and internal, on scientists that most require them to oversell. Without money, there is no science. Researchers must constantly convince administrators who control tax dollars, investors, and individual donors that the work they are doing will make a difference.

先锋的医学研究科学家对新研究的潜在益处的夸大其词，使公众奇怪地觉得，他们自己的医生并没有创造奇迹。 科学家们需要外部和内部的力量，而这些力量最需要他们吹嘘。 没有钱，就没有科学。 研究人员必须不断说服那些控制税收资金，投资者和个人捐赠者的管理人员，他们所做的工作是会有所作为的。

The mood of the times is no longer one of uncritical joys over our scientific achievements. Doubts and worries beset technical and scientific specialist, as well as the public at large. I do not consider such worries unfounded, though they are often based on intuitive feeling rather than on strictly logical arguments.

时代的气氛不再是对我们科学成就的不加批判的喜悦（*就是不是光表扬科学成就了）。 怀疑和担忧困扰着技术和科学专家，以及广大公众。 我并不认为这种担忧是没有根据的，尽管它们通常基于直觉而不是严格的逻辑论证。

With the emergence of scientific history-writing in the late nineteenth century, several authors sought to ignore the glowing myths surrounding George Washington and uncover the human being within, but their biographies were still laudatory enough that Washington remained a marbled and remote figure. Indeed, by the 1920s Washington has become such a deified personage that inevitably someone had to go to the other extreme and try to debunk the legend.

There are two opposing theories about mountain formation and climate over the past 40 million years: either the surge of mountain building caused the global cooling or vice versa. The first of these two theories asserts that widespread mountain building cooled feedback between mountains and climate. For example, mountain glaciers tend to be self-perpetuating: once established, they increase the reflectivity of the surface, thus lowering temperatures and allowing more ice to form.

在过去的4000万年中，有两种相反的关于山地形成和气候的理论：无论是山地建设的激增导致全球降温，反之亦然。 这两种理论中的第一种断言，广泛的山区建筑降低了山脉与气候之间的反馈。 例如，山地冰川倾向于自我延续：一旦建立起来，它们就会增加表面的反射率，从而降低温度并允许形成更多的冰。

*vice versa：反之亦然

If newspaper consumers are concerned about more than accuracy and prefer to read news that is consistent with their beliefs, then bias is not a journalistic flaw, but, rather, a cultivated feature. In a competitive news market, producers can use slant to differentiate their products and stave off price competition.

如果报纸消费者关注的不仅仅是准确性而更愿意阅读与他们的信仰一致的新闻（*这个东西就是偏见），那么偏见不是新闻缺陷，而是一种培养的特征。 在竞争激烈的新闻市场中，生产商可以使用倾斜来区分他们的产品并避免价格竞争。

Although its gray text blocks and black-and-white illustrations give it a sober mien, this one-stop resource can take the place of a dozen less exhaustive texts.

虽然它的灰色文本块和黑白插图给它一个素净的风格，但这个一站式资源可以取代十几个不那么详尽的文本。

Proponents of international regulation of environmental issues have always struggled against scientific uncertainty and economic hostility, two obstacles which, form a political standpoint, often have been closely related, as economic hostility toward environmental regulation for economic reasons have exploited the considerable uncertainty underlying most environmental challenges to downplay the legitimacy of environmental regulation.

国际环境问题监管的支持者一直在努力克服科学的不确定性和经济敌意，从政治的角度来看，这两个障碍往往密切相关，因为出于经济原因对环境监管的经济敌意已经利用了大多数环境挑战背后的相当大的不确定性 淡化环境监管的合法性。

With the numerous opponents of the controversial new taxation measure in such a fury, anyone who publicly advocated the measure did not fail to meet with severe usage.

The performer can be inflammatory in his comedy, but he is fundamentally a bighearted person who displays a core sweetness even at his most manic.

表演者在他的喜剧中可能是煽动性的，但他基本上是一个心地善良的人，即使在他最躁狂的时候也表现出核心的甜蜜。

*题眼：manic 癫狂的，选同义

Circulatory systems on organisms originated in widely separated epochs, according to the fossil record, and under a broad range of circumstances, the myriad forms they take attest to that heterogeneity of origin.

*题眼：widely separated epochs，选“不同的”，randomness不能选

The meandering journey across the soundscape of the Internet can be taxing. Listening to music in this medium often generates anxiety fulfillment: no sooner has one experience begun than the thought of what else is out there intrudes. Putting an old-fashioned disk and letting it play to the end restores a measure of sanity.

跨越互联网音景的蜿蜒旅程可能会让人感到费力。 在这种媒介中聆听音乐往往会产生焦虑：一旦开始体验，就会想到其他什么东西会侵入。 放置一个老式磁盘并让它发挥到最后可以恢复一定程度的理智。

The paleontologist examined the problem afresh, believing that the accepted classification belied the essential continuity of the specimens by making specious distinctions among them.

古生物学家重新审视了这个问题，认为接受的分类通过在它们之间进行似是而非的区分来掩盖了标本的基本连续性。

*题眼：specious

The stories in Yiyun Li’s recent collection are distinctive particularly for the strong contrast between their emotional intensity and their consistently measured tone.

*与emotional intensity取反

Even before she went to art school, Veronica found the standard design categories limiting/confining: she didn’t understand why designing buildings and designing tables should require different sensibilities.

Folmer’s book on Edith Wharton seems far removed from recent trends in literary criticism; this need not to be a fault, except that, in its title and introduction, the book purports to be conversant with contemporary discourse in the field, but in its actual analysis of Wharton’s work, it is marked by a very old-fashioned approach.

Folmer关于伊迪丝华顿的书与文学批评的近期趋势相去甚远; 这本来不是一个错误，除了在它的标题和介绍中，这本书声称熟悉该领域的当代话语，但在对沃顿商学院作品的实际分析中，它却十分过时。

Given children’s active fantasy lives, one might think of truthfulness as an acquired virtue in young children, but it turns out that lying is the more advanced skill. A child who is going to lie must recognize the truth, intellectually conceive of an alternate reality, and be able to convincingly sell that new reality to someone else. Therefore, lying demands cognitive development and social skills in a way that honesty simply does not.

Invention was a hallmark of the work of the ancient Greek historians, whose writings were filled with long and often purely fictitious speeches by great historical figures. The animating force in historical writing was rhetoric rather than evidence. Even well into the eighteenth century, not a few historians continued to understand themselves as artists, given a license to invent.

发明是古希腊历史学家作品的标志，其着作充满了伟大的历史人物长期而且往往纯属虚构的演讲。 历史写作中的动画力量是修辞而不是证据。 即使进入十八世纪，也有不少历史学家继续将自己理解为艺术家，在有着发明的许可之下。

*题眼：rhetoric 修辞，选取反

*not a few：不少

A cure for the common cold has been so elusive that it has become a modern symbol of futility/pointlessness.

The trade in scientific literature in nineteenth-century Germany was so robust that publisher constantly worried about supplies of new titles, an anxiety that gave even relatively undistinguished authors, who made their living writing technical treatises, strong bargaining positions.

The uniquely human ability to rethink and revise our social arrangements is a weird blessing, allowing us to create systems that are as likely to shackle/stifle us as to liberate us.

*题眼：weird，和liberate取反才weird

Barring the discovery of new letters, hidden diaries, or the like, fresh information about eminent people is hard to find because their lives have been so intensely scrutinized.

Cultures can shape attitudes and beliefs in ways that operate outside of conscious awareness or control; in other words, cultural orientations may develop from processes that do not entail active participation, and cultures may pervade subtle psychological dynamics in ways that individuals may not be able to report.

Jackie Wullschlager's biography of Hans Christian Andersen strips away/removes the insipid sweetness with which Andersen coated his life and reveals a vulnerable gingerbread man with a bitter almond where his heart should be.

杰基·沃尔施拉格（Jackie Wullschlager）的汉斯·克里斯蒂安·安徒生（Hans Christian Andersen）的传记剥夺/消除了安徒生涂抹生命的平淡甜蜜，并揭示了一个脆弱的姜饼男人，有着应该是苦杏仁的心脏。

The author of this political history text shows considerable bias against the political party when assigning credit or blame for its actions: he deems inevitable what he favors and avoids what he condemns.

这份政治历史文本的作者在为其行为分配信誉或责任时显示出对政党的相当大的偏见：他认为他所偏爱的不可避免并避免他所谴责的行为。

*bias...against：对。。。的偏见

Though it may seem as if more than a century of augmentation has made the electrical grid an all- encompassing web connecting the whole of the continent, many vast and beautiful areas remain without power.

虽然似乎超过一个世纪的增强使电网成为连接整个大陆的无所不包的网络，但许多广阔而美丽的地区仍然没有电力。

Because the book is largely concerned with an examination of various inadequacies often encountered in contemporary thinking, such as an exaggerated appreciation for meaningless coincidence and a credulous accept of pseudoscience, much of the writing has a debunking quality to it. Nevertheless, it avoids the overly earned scolding tone common to many such endeavors.

*inadequacy：不足，有缺点的感觉

Doris Kearns Goodwin’s elegant, incisive study of Lincoln gratify those whose knowledge of Lincoln is an amalgam of high school history and popular mythology as well as those who are experts.

*大众和专家都可以满足

Apparently, advanced tortoises evolved multiple times: the high-domed shells and columnar, elephantine feet of current forms are specializations for terrestrial life that evolved independently on each continent.

*题眼：each continent

As Ellen Donkin explains, in eighteenth-century England, writing plays empowered women. Even when the use of pseudonym  meant that playwriting did not bring personal fame, the work nevertheless enabled them to present their own views to the public and offered the possibility of acquiring capital.

*empower：授权，使能够

Among wide-ranging animal species, populations at the edge of the species’ range are frequently exposed to less favorable and more variable conditions than those in other parts on the range. As a result, the animal’s abundance is often lower at the periphery.

在广泛的动物物种中，物种范围边缘的种群经常暴露于比该范围内其他部分更不利和更多变的条件之下。 所以，动物的丰度通常在周边较低。

Common sense tells me some people are more altruistic than others. The claim that these differences are illusory, or that deep down, everybody acts only to further their own interests, contradicts our everyday observations and deep-seated human practices of moral evaluation.

常识说人很无私，这是错的，每个人都是自私的，这和我们每天的观察以及人类实践的道德评估（也就是前面的常识）都是相矛盾的。

Anne Carson’s book Nox is, very deliberately, cumbersome/unwieldily literary object—the opposite of an e-reader, which is designed to vanish in your palm as you read on a train.

安妮卡森的书Nox是一个非常刻意，繁琐/笨拙的文学对象 - 与电子阅读器相反，电子阅读器就是设计来为当你在火车上阅读时在你的手掌中消失（形容很好操控）。

Historian Barbara Alpern Engel’s task in writing a book about women in Russia must have been a daunting one, because the diversity of the Russian empire’s peoples meant that Russian women could never be treated as a homogeneous group.

历史学家Barbara Alpern Engel编写一本关于俄罗斯妇女的书的任务一定是令人生畏的，因为俄罗斯帝国人民的多样性意味着俄罗斯妇女永远不会被视为同质群体。

The material covered in this article has been scrutinized in previous publications, and since currently neglected areas remained unexplored, the article contains no revelation.

本文所涉及的材料已在以前的出版物中进行了详细审查，由于目前被忽视的领域尚未开发，因此该文章没有任何启示。

Far from spurring innovations, as the patent system was designed to do, the patenting of concepts such as gene sequences gives individuals and corporations a legal choke to hold over ideas that should be useful to all.

并不是为了刺激创新，正如。。。，基因序列概念的专利是对任何人/团体的一个法律的限制，去推迟所有有用的想法。

*hold over：推迟

*choke：使窒息

Shirky argues that the Internet obviates the needs for hierarchical structures and the sluggish organizations that perpetuate them: the Internet makes it possible to do things cheaply and efficiently on one’s own.

英特网消除了对分级结构和懒洋洋的组织的需要，这些需要是使他们长期存在的原因：。。。。

Not only is the field of behavioral genetics strewn with repudiated findings, but even among those findings that managed to survive, many have turned out to be germane to a very restricted class of cases.

不仅行为遗传学领域充满了被拒绝的发现，而且即使在那些能够生存下来的研究结果中，许多已经证明与一类非常有限的病例密切相关。

*restricted：有限的

The prime minister’s spokesman faces a difficult task in defending his boss from what he sees as the lowly calumnies of a decidedly prejudiced press. To make his defense effectively he will certainly have to give specific examples of the media coverage he finds so objectionable.

这位总理的发言人面临着一项艰巨的任务，就是要保护他的老板不要被他认为是一个明显有偏见的媒体的卑微诽谤。 为了有效地进行辩护，他肯定要提供他认为令人反感的媒体报道的具体例子。

*press，coverage：媒体

Many historians of the ancient world are wary of sounding dogmatic. Write so much as a sentence and the temptation is immediately to qualify it. Even in cases when the sources for a given event are plentiful, uncertainties and discrepancies crop up everywhere.

许多古代世界的历史学家都对发声教条持谨慎态度。 写下这么多句话，诱惑立即使其符合条件。 即使在特定事件的来源充足的情况下，也会出现不确定性和差异。

Governments are often willing to pay the direct costs of preparing for emergencies that may never happen: they make room in their budgets to prepare for plausible/conceivable but unlikely events.

政府通常愿意支付准备应对可能永远不会发生的紧急情况的直接成本：他们在预算中腾出空间，为可能/可想到但不太可能发生的事件做好准备。

It remains a mystery how Theobroma cacao, which scholars believe originated in lowland Amazonia, was introduced to tropical Mesoamerica. It must have been a protracted process: cacao trees do not easily sprout from seed, need years to mature, and grow only in humid lowland forest. Moreover, in a tropical climate, cacao pods spoil quickly, rendering their transport from lowland Amazonia tropical Mesoamerica in a single journey by foot or canoe unlikely.

To the avid reader of E.O. Wilson, much of his most recent book Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge will be predictable, as the book represents the culmination of a life spent thinking about everything from the social lives of ants to the social lives of people. Nonetheless, new thoughts have been mixed in with the old to produce a book remarkable for its purview and ambition.

对于E.O.的狂热读者 威尔逊，他最近出版的书“Consilience：The Knowledge of Knowledge”的大部分内容都是可以预测的，因为这本书代表了从蚂蚁的社会生活到人们社会生活的一切思考的生活的高潮。 尽管如此，新的思想与旧的混合在一起，产生了一本以其权限和雄心而着称的书。

*后面说remarkable，褒，又有nonetheless，说明前面是贬；同时后面有old，推测predicable

His new role gives the normally clownish actor a chance to impress audiences with his forbearance. He is among the most uninhibited comic performers around, but here he buttons his lip and stares straight ahead. Perhaps without quite knowing it, the audience waits for a wink, a hint that some of the madcap spirit that animated his previous movies might be lurking inside the reserved manner he presents in this film.

他的新角色为这位正常的小丑演员提供了一个用克制给观众留下深刻印象的机会。 他是周围最不受约束的漫画表演者之一，但在这里他按住了他的嘴唇直视前方。 也许在不知情的情况下，观众们等着眨眼，暗示一些激动他以前的电影的疯狂精神，可能潜伏在他在这部电影中呈现的保留态度中。

Some climatologists dismiss as irrelevant the debate among geophysicists over the role of carbon dioxide in global climate change across many millions of years. These climatologists say the evidence of a tie between carbon dioxide and planetary warming over the last few centuries is so (ii)compelling that any longer-term evidence against such a link must somehow be (iii)tainted.

一些气候学家认为地球物理学家对数百万年来二氧化碳在全球气候变化中的作用的争论无关紧要。 这些气候学家说过去几个世纪二氧化碳与行星变暖之间存在联系的证据是如此（ii）使人信服，以至于任何反对这种联系的长期证据必须在某种方式是（iii）受到污染的。

He defended the government’s equivocations regarding the mysterious contrail as resulting not from mendacity as critics say, but from a benightedness about its own doings that is almost inevitable, given the multitudinous- ness of its agencies.

他捍卫政府对神秘轨迹的模棱两可，不是像批评者说的虚伪，而是由于对其自身行为的愚昧，这几乎是不可避免的，因为其代理人众多。

The professor frequently reiterated a basic assumption behind the experimental method--- namely, that the outcome of the experiment is always (i)undetermined. The hypothesis can never assume the experiment’s results, in other words, but instead must (ii)await their appearance.

教授经常重申实验方法背后的基本假设 - 即实验的结果总是（i）未确定。 换句话说，假设永远不能假设实验的结果，而是必须（ii）等待它们的出现。

Hyana Kusiemko and her colleagues speculate that the (i)tepid support among low-income works for increases in the minimum wage is a form of last-place aversion: people who are in a marginally better position than the worst off seek to (ii)retain their ability to distinguish themselves from those in last place.

Hyana Kusiemko和她的同事推测，（i）低收入工作对最低工资增长的不温不火的支持是一种厌恶最后的形式：处于稍微好一点的人比最坏的人寻求（ii） 保持他们与最后一个区别开来的能力。

Part of what currently makes it so challenging to arrive at a scientific understanding of the living world is that while technological advances have produced a cascade of data—from detailed genome sequence to the sophisticated satellite imagery that documents the planet’s ecosystems— our ability to (ii)apprehend these data still lags far behind their (iii)acquisition.

目前使得对生物世界的科学认识变得如此具有挑战性的一部分是，虽然技术进步产生了一系列数据 - 从详细的基因组序列到记录地球生态系统的复杂卫星图像 - 我们的能力去（ii） 理解这些数据仍远远落后于他们（iii）的获得。

Recent research runs counter to the long-cherished notion that a small drop in body temperature during and after surgery is either immaterial/inconsequential or actually protects the patient by slowing metabolism and reducing the body’s demand for blood and oxygen.

*either...or....：取反

He accused some people who excoriated him of being by contrast supportive of another candidate, who shared a similar stance on most political issues.

斥责他的人却支持和他观点相同的其他候选者

To say the actors were accepting of their director is an understatement: a director who is visibly bored by his cast and their performances is hard to suffer.

说演员接受他们的导演是轻描淡写的：一个对他的演员和表演明显感到无聊的导演是难以忍受的。

Just as large manufacturing companies with dominant positions in large domestic markets were once able to resist innovation despite ample signs that foreign competition was rapidly overtaking them, strong and wealthy states can (ii)maintain misguided policies and still manage to limp along for many years.

*just as说明前后对应，(ii)对应(i)，即不创新

For a time in the early Middle Ages, Latin culture came close to (i)vanishing: the witness to that is the (ii)paucity of manuscript copies of texts datable to the period. The process of copying manuscripts, the only way in which the fragile products of centuries of accumulating knowledge could be preserved, (iii)virtually came to a standstill, a situation that did not change for two and a half centuries, until the time of Charlemagne. In the intervening period, much of Classical literature was lost to use forever.

*witness说明1、2对应

在中世纪早期的一段时间里，拉丁文化接近于（i）消失：证据就是（ii）缺乏可用于该时期的文本的手稿副本。 复制手稿的过程，是几个世纪以来积累知识的脆弱产品得以保存的唯一方式，（iii）实际上陷入停顿，这种情况在两个半世纪以来没有改变，直到查理曼时代。 在此期间，许多古典文学都永远失去了。

Barker’s account of how mores have evolved over time is illuminating. It reveals as (i)resilient and (ii)enduring some values that have often been regarded as (iii)antiquated, while uncovering other values that do indeed seem to be universal.

*while说明3与universal取反，至少是贬义的；illuminating说明1、2褒义

巴克关于随着时间的推移如何进化的说法很有启发性。 它揭示了（i）适应力强和（ii）持久的，对于一些经常被视为过时的价值观，但同时揭示其他确实看似普遍存在的价值观。

The current glut/surfeit of repackaged music under Miles Davis’ name might prompt any reasonable person to conclude that the recording vault has been plundered bare.

目前以Miles Davis之名下的重新包装的音乐过剩/过剩，可能会促使任何合理的人得出结论，专辑库已被洗劫一空。（重新包装，说明原来的已经没有了）

Although many skeptics of the scientific theory recycle/rehash critiques that have long since been disproved, some of the doubters arguably bring up valid points.

*回收=重新使用

虽然许多对科学理论的怀疑论者回收/重新评论早已被证明的批评，但一些怀疑者可以提出有效的观点。

Regardless of the putative decline of (i)understatement in contemporary culture, such (ii)restraint remains essential to civil discourse. It allows people to avoid embarrassing or maligning an adversary, and it serves as a form of irony that draws attention to a problem that can scarcely be exaggerated.

无论（i）当代文化中的轻描淡写的假定下降，这种（ii）克制仍然是民事话语的必要条件。 它允许人们避免使对手尴尬或恶化，并且它作为一种讽刺形式，引起人们对几乎不会被夸大的问题的注意。

In science education, it is important to differentiate between inaccurate ideas that are conceptually (i)unproductive and understandings that are inaccurate, and yet can (ii)foster learning of more sophisticated understanding. The former are simply wrong, the latter can be seen as incomplete, overly simplistic, or tied to only a few limited contexts.

*simply wrong，说明1空负评价；yet和后面的话，说明2空不完全但还是有一点内容

Many researchers assume that politicians consider the preferences of the entire public, and not merely those of likely voters, when making decisions. Yet, since the desire to be reelected is central, it is plausible that politicians (i)attend disproportionately to the opinions of likely voters in formulating their positions on issues. It is possible that researchers’ suppositions about policy makers’ (ii)responsiveness to aggregate public opinion may serve to (iii)mask the fact that only the preferences of likely voters actually matter.

*yet，取反，其实偏向，对公众是假装的

Observers of modern presidential campaigns who (i)despair over the highly (ii)choreographed productions that pass for campaigns these days do sometimes find reason for hope in the occasional mix-ups that (iii)rattle candidates on the trail despite the presence of political strategist’s plotting every event with the tactical precision of military commanders.

现代总统竞选活动的观察者对如今通过竞选活动的高度（ii）精心设计的作品（i）感到绝望，有时候会在偶尔出现混乱的情况下找到理由，这些混乱让竞选者们不安，（iii）尽管战略家用军事指挥官的战术精确度策划每个事件。

Studies of hermaphroditic plants may exhibit sampling bias against self-fertilizing and cross- fertilizing species, thus inflating the frequency of species using a mixed mating system (both self- fertilizing and cross-fertilizing); nevertheless the number of mixed-system species is not trivial.

雌雄同株植物的研究可能表现出对自交和交叉受精物种的取样偏差，从而使用混合交配系统（自交和交叉施肥）来增加物种的频率; 尽管如此，混合系统物种的数量并非微不足道。

*增加A，然而A本来就不少

It was fine to be (i)opinionated in the old days when papers were still not losing readers and ad revenue was not tough to come by, but many editors today are uneasy about bludgeoning their readers with the inherently (ii)unbalanced work of cartoonists.

在过去，当论文仍然没有失去读者并且广告收入并不难以获得时，固执己见是没问题的，但是今天许多编辑对于用（ii）漫画家内在不公正的作品来逼迫他们的读者感到不安。

*opinionated：固执己见；unbalanced：不公正

Some academic criticism of popular novels has been (i)elicits in character, being based on the assumption that the wider the appeal, the more (ii)undesirable the novel.

*精英主义的评论觉得越流行的小说越不好

Conventionally, the ultimate measure of a scientific work’s validity is how broadly and confidently its conclusions become accepted in the relevant field, which in turn (i)derives from the extent to which its findings are replicated and extended. However, establishing such validity, especially for a novel experimental finding, can take years, and what (ii)constitutes replication or extension may be (iii)disputed for some time.

传统上，科学工作有效性的最终衡量标准是它的结论在相关领域得到广泛和自信的程度，这反过来又（i）来自其研究结果的复制和扩展程度。 然而，建立这样的有效性，特别是对于新的实验发现，可能需要数年，并且（ii）构成复制或延伸的东西可能会（iii）有争议一段时间。

While the group's street protests assumed an assertory uncompromising tenor, once admitted to the halls of power to begin formal lobbying, the group's leadership wisely chose to palliate/damp the stridency of their rhetoric.

虽然该组织的街头抗议活动呈现出一种坚定不妥协的主张，但一旦进入权力大厅开始正式游说，该组织的领导明智地选择减轻/抑制其言论的严厉性。

His own writing style was audacious/striking: colorful and tart in its choice of language, willing to run risks in its allusions, metaphors, and verbal juxtapositions, prone to irreverent conclusions designed to surprise or startle.

他自己的写作风格大胆/引人注目：语言选择丰富多彩，愿意在其典故，隐喻和口头并置中冒险，容易产生令人惊讶或惊吓的不敬结论。

The threat of litigation makes the art authentication industry clandestine realm: connoisseurs refuse to communicate in writing and confidential agreements bind authenticators to silence.

*对应confidential

Some of the areas of research covered in the collection have already attracted substantial scholarly interest, while others are more pristine, hence requiring pioneering effort to map the territory and suggest productive avenues of inquiry.

*对应pioneering

Saul’s particular combination of intellectuality and vitality was not paradoxical; it was category- shattering. (i)energy was, in a way, his very theme. Was ever a bookish soul so cracklingly unmediated, so (ii)flush with raw life? He was as vivid physically as he was mentally, almost perversely alert, completely at home in the world of matter, repulsed by (iii)tedium.

扫罗的智慧和活力的特殊结合并不矛盾; 它是破碎的。 （i）在某种程度上，能量是他的主题。 曾经是一个书呆子的灵魂如此嘎嘎作响，所以（ii）与原始生活充满活力？ 他身体上和他在精神上一样生动，几乎是反常的警觉，完全在家中的物质世界，被（iii）单调乏味击退。

*一直在说他生动，也就是不喜欢乏味

The difficulty for nineteenth-century advocates of the claim that forests helped regulate climate was that their argument (i)employed historical anecdote and observations. Proving the forest-climate link through verifiable and experimental scientific means rather than observation was (ii)problematic for these individuals, a situation that eventually led to the link (iii)dropping out of justifications for forest conservation.

十九世纪倡导森林帮助调节气候的倡导者的困难在于他们的论点（i）采用了历史轶事和观察。 通过可验证和实验科学手段而不是观察来证明森林 - 气候联系（ii）对这些个体是有困难的，这种情况最终导致了这样的联系（iii）缺乏森林保护的正当性。

*means这里是名词不是动词

Even the man was reserved in his speech, he thoroughly understood his mother, which made him far from foolish/simple as people usually thought.

*他能彻底理解他妈妈，说明他不傻

Mark Messina’s book The Simple Soybean and Your Health exudes recognition much less unrestrained in the description of the soy's medical efficiency than its versatility, but the author cautions against soy to be a cure-all/panacea.

*exude recognition much less unrestrained A than B，先找exude什么，都排除了A和B，在看比较关系，A比B更少限制，即更排除A，即强调B

To get funding and tenured positions, medical researchers have to get their work published in well-regarded journals, where rejection can climb above 90 percent. Not surprisingly, the studies that tend to make the grade are those that make (i)eye-catching claims. But while coming up with such (ii)striking claims is relatively easy, getting the data to bear them out is another matter. When studied rigorously, the great majority of these claims (iii)yield contradictory evidence.