systemctl 命令完全指南

Systemctl是一个systemd工具，主要负责控制systemd系统和服务管理器。

Systemd是一个系统管理守护进程、工具和库的集合，用于取代System V初始进程。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置类UNIX系统。

在Linux生态系统中，Systemd被部署到了大多数的标准Linux发行版中，只有为数不多的几个发行版尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守护进程的父进程，但并非总是如此。

使用Systemctl管理Linux服务

使用Systemctl管理Linux服务

本文旨在阐明在运行systemd的系统上“如何控制系统和服务”。

Systemd初体验和Systemctl基础

1. 首先检查你的系统中是否安装有systemd并确定当前安装的版本

systemctl  --version

# systemd  215`
# +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR`

上例中很清楚地表明，我们安装了215版本的systemd。

2. 检查systemd和systemctl的二进制文件和库文件的安装位置

whereis  systemd
# systemd:  /usr/lib/systemd  /etc/systemd  /usr/share/systemd  /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz

whereis  systemctl
# systemctl:  /usr/bin/systemctl  /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz

3. 检查systemd是否运行

ps  -eaf |  grep  [s]ystemd

# root 1  0  0  16:27  ?  00:00:00  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd  --switched-root --system --deserialize 23
# root 444  1  0  16:27  ?  00:00:00  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald
# root 469  1  0  16:27  ?  00:00:00  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
# root 555  1  0  16:27  ?  00:00:00  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind
# dbus 556  1  0  16:27  ?  00:00:00  /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd:  --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation

注意：systemd是作为父进程（PID=1）运行的。在上面带（-e）参数的ps命令输出中，选择所有进程，（-a）选择除会话前导外的所有进程，并使用（-f）参数输出完整格式列表（即 -eaf）。

也请注意上例中后随的方括号和例子中剩余部分。方括号表达式是grep的字符类表达式的一部分。

4. 分析systemd启动进程

systemd-analyze
#  Startup finished in  487ms  (kernel)  +  2.776s  (initrd)  +  20.229s  (userspace)  =  23.493s

5. 分析启动时各个进程花费的时间

systemd-analyze blame

# 8.565s mariadb.service
# 7.991s webmin.service
# 6.095s postfix.service
# 4.311s httpd.service
# 3.926s firewalld.service
# 3.780s kdump.service
# 3.238s tuned.service
# 1.712s network.service
# 1.394s lvm2-monitor.service
# 1.126s  systemd-logind.service
# ....

6. 分析启动时的关键链

systemd-analyze critical-chain

#  The  time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.`
#  The  time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.

#  multi-user.target @20.222s
#  └─mariadb.service @11.657s  +8.565s
#  └─network.target @11.168s
#  └─network.service @9.456s  +1.712s
#  └─NetworkManager.service @8.858s  +596ms
#  └─firewalld.service @4.931s  +3.926s
#  └─basic.target @4.916s
#  └─sockets.target @4.916s
#  └─dbus.socket @4.916s
#  └─sysinit.target @4.905s
#  └─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s  +39ms
#  └─auditd.service @4.563s  +301ms
#  └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s  +69ms
#  └─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s  +142ms
#  └─local-fs.target @4.324s
#  └─boot.mount  @4.286s  +31ms
#  └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096
#  └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device  @4

重要：Systemctl接受服务（.service），挂载点（.mount），套接口（.socket）和设备（.device）作为单元。

7. 列出所有可用单元


systemctl  list-unit-files

#  UNIT FILE                                   STATE
#  proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static
#  dev-hugepages.mount  static
#  dev-mqueue.mount  static
#  proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount  static
#  sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount  static
#  sys-kernel-config.mount  static
#  sys-kernel-debug.mount  static
#  tmp.mount disable
#  brandbot.path                               disable
#  .....

8. 列出所有运行中单元

systemctl  list-units

#  UNIT                                        LOAD   ACTIVE SUB       DESCRIPTION
#  proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount           loaded active waiting Arbitrary  Executable  File  Formats  File  Syste
#  sys-devices-pc...0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_CD-ROM
#  sys-devices-pc...:00:03.0-net-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged   PRO/1000 MT Desktop  Adapter
#  sys-devices-pc...00:05.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller
#  sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK
#  sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged   LVM PV Qzyo3l-qYaL-uRUa-Cjuk-pljo-qKtX-VgBQ8
#  sys-devices-pc...0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged   VBOX_HARDDISK
#  sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0
#  sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1
#  sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2
#  sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3
#  sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d0.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-0
#  sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d1.device    loaded active plugged   /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-1
#  sys-module-configfs.device                  loaded active plugged   /sys/module/configfs
#  ...

9. 列出所有失败单元


systemctl  --failed

#  UNIT          LOAD   ACTIVE SUB    DESCRIPTION
#  kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming

#  LOAD =  Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded.
#  ACTIVE =  The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB.
#  SUB =  The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type.

#  1 loaded units listed.  Pass  --all to see loaded but inactive units, too.
#  To show all installed unit files use  'systemctl list-unit-files'.

10. 检查某个单元（如 cron.service）是否启用


systemctl  is-enabled crond.service

#  senabled

11. 检查某个单元或服务是否运行


systemctl status firewalld.service

#  firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
#  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled)
#  Active: active (running) since Tue  2015-04-28  16:27:55 IST;  34min ago
#  Main PID:  549  (firewalld)
#  CGroup:  /system.slice/firewalld.service
#  └─549  /usr/bin/python -Es  /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

#  Apr  28  16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]:  Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
#  Apr  28  16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]:  Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.

使用Systemctl控制并管理服务

12. 列出所有服务（包括启用的和禁用的）


 systemctl  list-unit-files --type=service

#  UNIT FILE                                   STATE
#  arp-ethers.service                          disabled
#  auditd.service                              enabled`
#  autovt@.service                             disabled
#  blk-availability.service                    disabled
#  brandbot.service static` 
#  collectd.service                            disabled
#  console-getty.service                       disabled
#  console-shell.service                       disabled
#  cpupower.service                            disabled
#  crond.service                               enabled
#  dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service   enabled`
#  ....

13. Linux中如何启动、重启、停止、重载服务以及检查服务（如 httpd.service）状态


 systemctl start httpd.service
systemctl restart httpd.service
systemctl stop httpd.service
systemctl reload httpd.service
systemctl status httpd.service

#  httpd.service -  The  Apache HTTP Server
#  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
#  Active: active (running) since Tue  2015-04-28  17:21:30 IST;  6s ago
#  Process:  2876  ExecStop=/bin/kill  -WINCH ${MAINPID}  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
#  Main PID:  2881  (httpd)
#  Status:  "Processing requests..."
#  CGroup:  /system.slice/httpd.service
#  ├─2881  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  ├─2884  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  ├─2885  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  ├─2886  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  ├─2887  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  └─2888  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND

#  Apr  28  17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]:  Starting  The  Apache HTTP Server...
#  Apr  28  17:21:30 tecmint httpd[2881]: AH00558: httpd:  Could  not reliably determine the server's fully q...ssage
#  Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
#  Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

注意：当我们使用systemctl的start，restart，stop和reload命令时，我们不会从终端获取到任何输出内容，只有status命令可以打印输出。

14. 如何激活服务并在启动时启用或禁用服务（即系统启动时自动启动服务）


systemctl  is-active httpd.service
systemctl enable httpd.service
systemctl disable httpd.service

15. 如何屏蔽（让它不能启动）或显示服务（如 httpd.service）


systemctl mask httpd.service
#  ln  -s '/dev/null'  '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'

systemctl unmask httpd.service
#  rm  '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'

16. 使用systemctl命令杀死服务


systemctl  kill httpd
systemctl status httpd

#  httpd.service -  The  Apache HTTP Server
#  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
#  Active: failed (Result:  exit-code) since Tue  2015-04-28  18:01:42 IST;  28min ago
#  Main PID:  2881  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
#  Status:  "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic:   0 B/sec"

#  Apr  28  17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service:  Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled.
#  Apr  28  18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: control process exited, code=exited status=226
#  Apr  28  18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]:  Unit httpd.service entered failed state.
#  Hint:  Some lines were ellipsized,  use  -l to show in full.

使用Systemctl控制并管理挂载点

17. 列出所有系统挂载点

systemctl  list-unit-files --type=mount

#  UNIT FILE                     STATE
#  dev-hugepages.mount  static
#  dev-mqueue.mount  static
#  proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount  static
#  sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount  static
#  sys-kernel-config.mount  static
#  sys-kernel-debug.mount  static
#  tmp.mount disabled

18. 挂载、卸载、重新挂载、重载系统挂载点并检查系统中挂载点状态

systemctl start tmp.mount
systemctl stop tmp.mount
systemctl restart tmp.mount
systemctl reload tmp.mount
systemctl status tmp.mount

#  tmp.mount  -  Temporary  Directory
#  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled)
#  Active: active (mounted) since Tue  2015-04-28  17:46:06 IST;  2min  48s ago
#  Where:  /tmp
#  What: tmpfs
#  Docs:  man:hier(7)

#  http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems

#  Process:  3908  ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -t tmpfs -o mode=1777,strictatime (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

#  Apr  28  17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]:  Mounting  Temporary  Directory...
#  Apr  28  17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: tmp.mount:  Directory  /tmp to mount over is  not  empty, mounting anyway.
#  Apr  28  17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]:  Mounted  Temporary  Directory.

19. 在启动时激活、启用或禁用挂载点（系统启动时自动挂载）


systemctl  is-active tmp.mount
systemctl enable tmp.mount
systemctl disable  tmp.mount

20. 在Linux中屏蔽（让它不能启用）或可见挂载点


 systemctl mask tmp.mount

#  ln  -s '/dev/null'  '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'

systemctl unmask tmp.mount

#  rm  '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'

使用Systemctl控制并管理套接口

21. 列出所有可用系统套接口

systemctl  list-unit-files --type=socket

#  UNIT FILE                    STATE
#  dbus.socket static
#  dm-event.socket              enabled
#  lvm2-lvmetad.socket          enabled
#  rsyncd.socket                disabled
#  sshd.socket                  disabled
#  syslog.socket static
#  systemd-initctl.socket static
#  systemd-journald.socket static
#  systemd-shutdownd.socket static
#  systemd-udevd-control.socket static
#  systemd-udevd-kernel.socket static
#  11 unit files listed.

22. 在Linux中启动、重启、停止、重载套接口并检查其状态

systemctl start cups.socket
systemctl restart cups.socket
systemctl stop cups.socket
systemctl reload cups.socket
systemctl status cups.socket

#  cups.socket - CUPS Printing  Service  Sockets
#  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.socket; enabled)
#  Active: active (listening) since Tue  2015-04-28  18:10:59 IST;  8s ago
#  Listen:  /var/run/cups/cups.sock (Stream)

#  Apr  28  18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]:  Starting CUPS Printing  Service  Sockets.
#  Apr  28  18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]:  Listening on CUPS Printing  Service  Sockets.

23. 在启动时激活套接口，并启用或禁用它（系统启动时自启动）

systemctl  is-active cups.socket
systemctl enable cups.socket
systemctl disable cups.socket

24. 屏蔽（使它不能启动）或显示套接口

systemctl mask cups.socket
#  ln  -s '/dev/null'  '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'

systemctl unmask cups.socket
#  rm  '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'

服务的CPU利用率（分配额）

25. 获取当前某个服务的CPU分配额（如httpd）


systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service

#  CPUShares=1024

注意：各个服务的默认CPU分配份额=1024，你可以增加/减少某个进程的CPU分配份额。

26. 将某个服务（httpd.service）的CPU分配份额限制为2000 CPUShares/


systemctl  set-property httpd.service CPUShares=2000
systemctl show -p CPUShares httpd.service

#  CPUShares=2000

注意：当你为某个服务设置CPUShares，会自动创建一个以服务名命名的目录（如 httpd.service），里面包含了一个名为90-CPUShares.conf的文件，该文件含有CPUShare限制信息，你可以通过以下方式查看该文件：

vi  /etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/90-CPUShares.conf

#  [Service]
#  CPUShares=2000

27. 检查某个服务的所有配置细节

systemctl show httpd

#  Id=httpd.service
#  Names=httpd.service
#  Requires=basic.target
#  Wants=system.slice
#  WantedBy=multi-user.target
#  Conflicts=shutdown.target
#  Before=shutdown.target multi-user.target
#  After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target systemd-journald.socket basic.target system.slice
#  Description=The  Apache HTTP Server
#  LoadState=loaded
#  ActiveState=active
#  SubState=running
#  FragmentPath=/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
#  ....

28. 分析某个服务（httpd）的关键链

systemd-analyze critical-chain httpd.service`

#  The  time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.`
#  The  time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.`

#  httpd.service +142ms`
#  └─network.target @11.168s`
#  └─network.service @9.456s  +1.712s`
#  └─NetworkManager.service @8.858s  +596ms`
#  └─firewalld.service @4.931s  +3.926s`
#  └─basic.target @4.916s`
#  └─sockets.target @4.916s`
#  └─dbus.socket @4.916s`
#  └─sysinit.target @4.905s`
#  └─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s  +39ms`
#  └─auditd.service @4.563s  +301ms`
#  └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s  +69ms`
#  └─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s  +142ms`
#  └─local-fs.target @4.324s`
#  └─boot.mount  @4.286s  +31ms`
#  └─systemd-fsck@dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.service  @4.092s  +149ms`
#  └─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device  @4.092s`

29. 获取某个服务（httpd）的依赖性列表

systemctl  list-dependencies httpd.service

#  httpd.service
#  ├─system.slice
#  └─basic.target
#  ├─firewalld.service
#  ├─microcode.service
#  ├─rhel-autorelabel-mark.service
#  ├─rhel-autorelabel.service
#  ├─rhel-configure.service
#  ├─rhel-dmesg.service
#  ├─rhel-loadmodules.service
#  ├─paths.target
#  ├─slices.target
#  │  ├─-.slice
#  │  └─system.slice
#  ├─sockets.target
#  │  ├─dbus.socket
#  ....

30. 按等级列出控制组

systemd-cgls

#  ├─1  /usr/lib/systemd/systemd  --switched-root --system --deserialize 23
#  ├─user.slice
#  │  └─user-0.slice
#  │  └─session-1.scope
#  │  ├─2498  sshd: root@pts/0
#  │  ├─2500  -bash
#  │  ├─4521  systemd-cgls
#  │  └─4522  systemd-cgls
#  └─system.slice
#  ├─httpd.service
#  │  ├─4440  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  │  ├─4442  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  │  ├─4443  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  │  ├─4444  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  │  ├─4445  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  │  └─4446  /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
#  ├─polkit.service
#  │  └─721  /usr/lib/polkit-1/polkitd --no-debug
#  ....

31. 按CPU、内存、输入和输出列出控制组

systemd-cgtop

#  Path  Tasks  %CPU Memory  Input/s Output/s

#  /  83  1.0  437.8M  -  -
#  /system.slice -  0.1  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/mariadb.service 2  0.1  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/tuned.service 1  0.0  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/httpd.service 6  0.0  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/NetworkManager.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/atop.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/atopacct.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/auditd.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/crond.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/dbus.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/firewalld.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/lvm2-lvmetad.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/polkit.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/postfix.service 3  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/rsyslog.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/system-getty.slice/getty@tty1.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/systemd-journald.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/systemd-logind.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/systemd-udevd.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /system.slice/webmin.service 1  -  -  -  -
#  /user.slice/user-0.slice/session-1.scope  3  -  -  -  -

控制系统运行等级

32. 启动系统救援模式

systemctl  rescue

#  Broadcast message from root@tecmint on pts/0  (Wed  2015-04-29  11:31:18 IST):

#  The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!

33. 进入紧急模式


systemctl emergency

#  Welcome to emergency mode!  After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view
#  system logs,  "systemctl reboot" to reboot,  "systemctl default" to try again
#  to boot into default mode.

34. 列出当前使用的运行等级

systemctl  get-default

#  multi-user.target

35. 启动运行等级5，即图形模式


 systemctl isolate runlevel5.target
#  或
 systemctl isolate graphical.target

36. 启动运行等级3，即多用户模式（命令行）


systemctl isolate runlevel3.target
#  或
systemctl isolate multiuser.target

36. 设置多用户模式或图形模式为默认运行等级

systemctl  set-default runlevel3.target

systemctl  set-default runlevel5.target

37. 重启、停止、挂起、休眠系统或使系统进入混合睡眠


systemctl  reboot

systemctl  halt

systemctl suspend

systemctl hibernate

systemctl hybrid-sleep

对于不知运行等级为何物的人，说明如下。

Runlevel 0 : 关闭系统
Runlevel 1 : 救援？维护模式
Runlevel 3 : 多用户，无图形系统
Runlevel 4 : 多用户，无图形系统
Runlevel 5 : 多用户，图形化系统
Runlevel 6 : 关闭并重启机器

到此为止吧。

via: http://www.tecmint.com/manage-services-using-systemd-and-systemctl-in-linux/

作者：Avishek Kumar 译者：GOLinux 校对：wxy

转载自：https://linux.cn/article-5926-1.html
本文由 LCTT 原创翻译，Linux中国荣誉推出

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