参考链接:https://www.cnblogs.com/huiyichanmian/p/11246668.html
1. 主从同步的定义
主从同步使得数据可以从一个数据库服务器复制到其他服务器上,在复制数据时,一个服务器充当主服务器(master),其余的服务器充当从服务器(slave)。因为复制是异步进行的,所以从服务器不需要一直连接着主服务器,从服务器甚至可以通过拨号断断续续地连接主服务器。通过配置文件,可以指定复制所有的数据库,某个数据库,甚至是某个数据库上的某个表。
使用主从同步的好处:
通过增加从服务器来提高数据库的性能,在主服务器上执行写入和更新,在从服务器上向外提供读功能,可以动态地调整从服务器的数量,从而调整整个数据库的性能。
提高数据安全,因为数据已复制到从服务器,从服务器可以终止复制进程,所以,可以在从服务器上备份而不破坏主服务器相应数据
在主服务器上生成实时数据,而在从服务器上分析这些数据,从而提高主服务器的性能
2. 主从同步的机制
Mysql服务器之间的主从同步是基于二进制日志机制,主服务器使用二进制日志来记录数据库的变动情况,从服务器通过读取和执行该日志文件来保持和主服务器的数据一致。
在使用二进制日志时,主服务器的所有操作都会被记录下来,然后从服务器会接收到该日志的一个副本。从服务器可以指定执行该日志中的哪一类事件(譬如只插入数据或者只更新数据),默认会执行日志中的所有语句。
每一个从服务器会记录关于二进制日志的信息:文件名和已经处理过的语句,这样意味着不同的从服务器可以分别执行同一个二进制日志的不同部分,并且从服务器可以随时连接或者中断和服务器的连接。
主服务器和每一个从服务器都必须配置一个唯一的ID号(在my.cnf文件的[mysqld]模块下有一个server-id配置项),另外,每一个从服务器还需要通过CHANGE MASTER TO语句来配置它要连接的主服务器的ip地址,日志文件名称和该日志里面的位置(这些信息存储在主服务器的数据库里)
3. 配置主从同步的基本步骤
有很多种配置主从同步的方法,可以总结为如下的步骤:
在主服务器上,必须开启二进制日志机制和配置一个独立的ID
在每一个从服务器上,配置一个唯一的ID,创建一个用来专门复制主服务器数据的账号
在开始复制进程前,在主服务器上记录二进制文件的位置信息
如果在开始复制之前,数据库中已经有数据,就必须先创建一个数据快照(可以使用mysqldump导出数据库,或者直接复制数据文件)
配置从服务器要连接的主服务器的IP地址和登陆授权,二进制日志文件名和位置
4. 详细配置主从同步的方法
主和从的身份可以自己指定,我们将虚拟机Ubuntu中MySQL作为从服务器,将Mac中的MySQL作为主服务器。 在主从设置前,要保证Ubuntu与Mac间的网络连通。
实际操作
主服务器
Mac系统添加MySQL配置文件
在Mac系统中,安装完MySQL后,是没有自动生成MySQL的配置文件的,在网上查找说需要自己手动创建配置文件,但是说的都不是很详细,所以配置起来总是失败。之后结合了几篇前人的博客也算是成功的跑起来了。
首先我们先看一下MySQL默认指定的my.cnf路径,使用命令
iOSdeMac-mini:~ mymac$ mysql --help|grep 'my.cnf'
order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT,
/etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf
这是四个默认的指定路径,MySQL从第一个路径依次去找my.cnf配置的文件,我们直接将my.cnf文件放在第一个路径下就可以了。
iOSdeMac-mini:~ mymac$ vim ~/Desktop/my.cnf
my.cnf配置
# Example MySQL config file for medium systems.
#
# This is for a system with little memory (32M - 64M) where MySQL plays
# an important part, or systems up to 128M where MySQL is used together with
# other programs (such as a web server)
#
# MySQL programs look for option files in a set of
# locations which depend on the deployment platform.
# You can copy this option file to one of those
# locations. For information about these locations, see:
# http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/option-files.html
#
# In this file, you can use all long options that a program supports.
# If you want to know which options a program supports, run the program
# with the "--help" option.
# The following options will be passed to all MySQL clients
[client]
default-character-set=utf8
#password = your_password
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
# Here follows entries for some specific programs
# The MySQL server
[mysqld]
character-set-server=utf8
port = 3306
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
skip-external-locking
key_buffer_size = 16M
max_allowed_packet = 1M
table_open_cache = 64
sort_buffer_size = 512K
net_buffer_length = 8K
read_buffer_size = 256K
read_rnd_buffer_size = 512K
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 8M
character-set-server=utf8
init_connect='SET NAMES utf8'
# Don't listen on a TCP/IP port at all. This can be a security enhancement,
# if all processes that need to connect to mysqld run on the same host.
# All interaction with mysqld must be made via Unix sockets or named pipes.
# Note that using this option without enabling named pipes on Windows
# (via the "enable-named-pipe" option) will render mysqld useless!
#
#skip-networking
# Replication Master Server (default)
# binary logging is required for replication
log-bin=mysql-bin
# binary logging format - mixed recommended
binlog_format=mixed
# required unique id between 1 and 2^32 - 1
# defaults to 1 if master-host is not set
# but will not function as a master if omitted
# Replication Slave (comment out master section to use this)
#
# To configure this host as a replication slave, you can choose between
# two methods :
#
# 1) Use the CHANGE MASTER TO command (fully described in our manual) -
# the syntax is:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST=<host>, MASTER_PORT=<port>,
# MASTER_USER=<user>, MASTER_PASSWORD=<password> ;
#
# where you replace <host>, <user>, <password> by quoted strings and
# <port> by the master's port number (3306 by default).
#
# Example:
#
# CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='125.564.12.1', MASTER_PORT=3306,
# MASTER_USER='joe', MASTER_PASSWORD='secret';
#
# OR
#
# 2) Set the variables below. However, in case you choose this method, then
# start replication for the first time (even unsuccessfully, for example
# if you mistyped the password in master-password and the slave fails to
# connect), the slave will create a master.info file, and any later
# change in this file to the variables' values below will be ignored and
# overridden by the content of the master.info file, unless you shutdown
# the slave server, delete master.info and restart the slaver server.
# For that reason, you may want to leave the lines below untouched
# (commented) and instead use CHANGE MASTER TO (see above)
#
# required unique id between 2 and 2^32 - 1
# (and different from the master)
# defaults to 2 if master-host is set
# but will not function as a slave if omitted
#server-id = 2
#
# The replication master for this slave - required
#master-host = <hostname>
#
# The username the slave will use for authentication when connecting
# to the master - required
#master-user = <username>
#
# The password the slave will authenticate with when connecting to
# the master - required
#master-password = <password>
#
# The port the master is listening on.
# optional - defaults to 3306
#master-port = <port>
#
# binary logging - not required for slaves, but recommended
#log-bin=mysql-bin
# Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables
#innodb_data_home_dir = /usr/local/mysql/data
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = /usr/local/mysql/data
# You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 %
# of RAM but beware of setting memory usage too high
#innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M
#innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M
# Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size
#innodb_log_file_size = 5M
#innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M
#innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1
#innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 16M
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
# Remove the next comment character if you are not familiar with SQL
#safe-updates
default-character-set=utf8
[myisamchk]
key_buffer_size = 20M
sort_buffer_size = 20M
read_buffer = 2M
write_buffer = 2M
[mysqlhotcopy]
interactive-timeout
将配置文件复制到/etc/ 下
iOSdeMac-mini:~ mymac$ sudo cp ~/Desktop/my.cnf /etc/
修改文件读写权限
iOSdeMac-mini:~ mymac$ sudo chmod 644 /etc/my.cnf
记得重启mysql
(mysql)主服务器配置
1. 修改mysql的配置文件,my.cnf
server-id=1
binlog-do-db=dbName #这个是需要同步的数据库 ,dbName是需要设置主从的数据库
完成后输入命令show master status查看一下是否成功
2. 创建一个用户用于从服务器同步数据使用的帐号
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO'mytest'@'%'identified by'123456';
Query OK,0rows affected (0.03sec)
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK,0rows affected (0.01sec)
(mysql)从服务器配置
将server-id修改为2,并保存退出。
sudo service mysql restart
重启mysql
进入mysql设置连接到master主服务器
例如:主服务器地址:192.168.0.1
mysql>change master to master_host='192.168.0.1', master_user='slave', master_password='slave',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000006', master_log_pos=4896;
注:
master_host:主服务器Ubuntu的ip地址
master_log_file: 前面查询到的主服务器日志文件名
master_log_pos: 前面查询到的主服务器日志文件位置
mysql>start slave;
看这几项是否出现,出现表示成功了。可自行在主数据库里面添加修改数据测试