一、同位语
专有名词后常接同位语，表示对专有名词的解释说明；或者反过来，普通名词后，专有名词作同位语表示解释说明
- we, the users, convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.
- This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow.
- But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people caring for infants and healthy young people.
- They are acting because national governments - Britain's and others across Europe - have failed to do so.
- And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA),a
coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. - in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.
同位语表示进一步解释说明，常伴随着一些标志性的标点符号，如：逗号、破折
号、冒号，这也可以作为判断的标志。
eg:
- We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad.
- Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra - their unique value contribution.
- the euro zone's dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone.
二、插入语
1.定义
表示后来插人句子中的成分，表示想补充说明的内容。插人语是句子的非核心成分，而且它插人后造成原句的分裂，加大了看懂句子的难度，因此在进行长难句分析时，可以先去掉不看，看懂了核心内容后，再看插入语的内容。通常插人语两端会出现成对的逗号、破折号或括号隔开，但有时候没有标点隔开。
2.插入语的常见形式
①主谓结构作插入语，表示“某人说，某人认为.....”
- Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
- The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds.
- Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation".
②副词作插入语
- Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed.
- Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer's paradise...
③介词短语作插入语
- Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together.
- The Boyle Family, on the other hand, stand for its dirty, urban aspect.
- There are, of course, knots to be worked out.
- About a quarter of all ltalian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to ltaly for good.
- Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity.
有的时候，一个内容可能既是同位语，又是插人语。因为同位语和插人语其实是从两个不同的维度来描述：
- 同位语指的是内容方面，解释说明前面的名词；
- 而插入语指的是位置方面，插人到句子中间的。
eg；
- Tony, my teacher, is coming here.（既是同位语，也是插入语）
- Tony, with his students, is coming here.（只是插入语）
