1.a great/good many: a large number of许多。修饰可数名词复数。

2.able(可以的，有能力的，可能的)①He is an able man.那人本事不小。

enable(v)使……能

3.above, over, on

over是指在...的正上方，与其有距离；on是指直接与某物体接触，在...的上面；above就是指在...的上方，不强调位置。但是桥在河的上方，一定要用over。

4.accident/event/ incident

event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。incident相对于accident来说，显得不很重要，指“小事件”，它还可以用来表示“事变”，如叛乱、爆炸等

5.admit vt.①接纳，许可……进入（allow sb./sth.to enter）

　　　②承认，后可接名词，doing、从句或复合结构。

6.advice建议；劝告。是不可数名词，“一条建议”应用a piece of advice。常用结构。

give sb.advice(on)/give advice给某人提（关于……的）建议；忠告某人。

ask(sb.)for advice征求（某人的）意见。

7.admire（= respect / praise）vt.羡慕，钦佩，夸奖

admire sb.（for sth.）佩服某人某事

对比：envy（= jealous）vt.嫉妨，羡慕

envy sb.（sth.）嫉妒/羡慕某人某事 We all envy you your good future. 我们都很羡慕你的好运。

advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事（suggest不这样用）。

①I advise you to take the chance.我建议你抓住机会。

—I advise you not to lose heart; just keep on.我劝你不要灰心，继续干。

advise 还可同suggest一样，后接名词、代词、动名词（短语）和that从句（用虚拟语气）作宾语。

①—What would you advise?你有什么建议吗？—I advise you an early start我建议你早点出发。

advise ，persuade

persuade sb. to do sth.意为“说服某人做某事”，强调劝说成功，说服；advise sb. to do sth. 意为“劝说某人做某事”，不涉及劝说是否有效，相当于try to persuade sb. to do sth.。如：

The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.医生说服我爸爸戒了烟。

The doctor advised my father to give up smoking, but failed.

医生劝我爸爸戒烟，但没成功。

advise; suggest

advise 与suggest 都可作“建议”讲，二者用法有同有异。

(1)相同点 表示建议做某事，advise与suggest都可采用下列三种句型:

① + 名词

② + 动名词

③ + that从句（从句中常用should加动词原形，should可以省略。）

eg. He advised/ suggested an early start.

He advised/ suggested (our) starting early.

He advised/ suggested that we (should) start early.

(注：只要是用从句表示建议该做的事，从句中就可用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。)上面的第三句可转化为：

It was suggested that we (should) start early.

What he suggested was that we(should) start early.

His suggestion was that we (should) start early.

(2)不同点

①advise后可以跟人称代词作宾语，而suggest后不可以跟人称代词作宾语。故可以说：

advise sb. to do sth.; advise sb. against (doing) sth.; advise sb. on/ about sth.; suggest(to sb.)that...

前三种结构中不可将advise改为suggest，如：

他建议我们去参观博物馆。

[正]He advised us to go to visit the museum.

[误]He suggested us to go to visit the museum.

[误]He suggested us that we go to visit the museum.

②suggest还有“暗示、表明、说、指出（一个事实）”的意思。此时从句中用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。如：

The smile on his face suggested that he was pleased.

Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that the patient was seriously ill.(句中suggest陈述了一个事实，故用陈述语气。)比较：

Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that the Patient be

operated on at once.(句中suggest表示建议该做某事，从句中用should加动词原形，should在从句中省略。)

affect（=have an effect on sth.）vt.影响（effect n.影响）

This may affect your health. 这或许会影响你的健康。

My throat is always affected by bad weather.我的嗓子总是受恶劣天气的影响。

8.afraid

1)“be afraid of+名词”，意为“害怕”。

2）“be afraid of doing sth”意为“担心，害怕……”。

3）“be afraid for…”意为“为……担心。”

4）“be afraid that…”意为“担心，恐怕”。

5）“be afraid to do ”意为“害怕，担心而不敢做某事”。

6）I’m afraid so/not.恐怕是这样/恐怕不会这样

[应用]完成句子

①女孩子一般都怕蛇。Girls are usually______ _____snakes.

②他怕把杯子打碎，因而很小心。He was careful because he was afraid______ _____the glass.

③你不为自己的安全担心吗？Are you afraid_______your safety?

④恐怕她会迷路。I am _____ _____she will lose her way.

⑤汤姆把钱丢了，也不敢告诉他母亲。Tom lost the money and was afraid________ ______his mother.

Key:①afraid,of ②of,breaking ③for ④afraid,that ⑤to tell

again and again = time and time again = over and over = over and over again再三地

The old man thinks of his happy past again and again. 这位老人再三地想起他幸福的过去。

9.age

(1)n.年龄，时代，时期

The old man died at the age of 80/when he was 80 years of age/when he was 80 years old.

那位老人80岁时去世了。

(2)vi./vt. 变老

He is aging fast. Worry ages a man. 他老得很快。忧虑令人老！

I found him greatly aged. 我发现他老多了。

拓展：（1）adj. aged……岁的，年老的

a boy aged ten 一个10岁的男孩 an aged man老人

(2)人生的七期

baby→infant→child→youth→manhood→middle age→old age

婴儿/0→幼儿7→儿童12→青年28→壮年40→中年65→老年

10.agree 同意。常用桔构：

(1)agree on 对……取得一致意见或达成协议,一般表示原双方共同商讨以后达成协议的名词)。主语必须是两者以上。也常用被动语态，表示“（某事）是大家都同意的”。 如：

①They agreed on the date for the next meeting.对下次会议的日期他们达成了一致意见。

(2)agree to 同意；赞成。to 为介词，后接表示“建议；办法；计划”等名词。

①Do you agree to my plan?你同意我的计划吗？

(3)agree with同意；赞成。后接sb. 或what 从句。

I agree with you ,but I don’t agree with what he said.我同意你的意见，但我不同意他所说的。另外，agree with还有“与……相适应/相一致”的意思。

The climate here doesn’t agree with me .我不适应这里的气候。

(4)agree to do sth.同意、答应做某事。

Do you agree to go with us if we agree to lend you some money?如果我们答应借钱给你，你同意和我们一起去吗？

11.ahead短语归纳

go ahead朝前走，请便（同意对方继续干或同意对方的请求）；go ahead (on)with… 继续；ahead of在……前面，早于，优先；ahead of time提前

[应用]完成句子

①他朝前走去看看发生了什么事情。He ________ ________ to see what had happened.

②我可以坐这个座位吗？请坐吧。May I take this seat?________ _______.

③汤姆的数学比玛丽好。Tom is ________ _______ Mary in maths.

④她比我早到2个小时。She arrived two hours _______ _______me.

⑤他们已提前三周完成了设计。They have completed the design _______ ______ _______ _______time.

Key:①went,ahead ②Go,ahead③/ ④ahead,of⑤three,weeks,ahead,of

12. alive,living,live,lively,lovely区别

1)lovely意“可爱的”，“美好的”如：a lovely day 美好的一天 a lovely girl 可爱的女孩

2)alive 意为“活着的、有活力的”,是表语形容词，可修饰人、物；

在句中做表语宾补和或后置定词，不能用作前置定语。如

He was alive when he was taken to the hospital.他被送往医院时还活着。

3)living 意为“活着的、有生命的”，主要用于作前置定语及冠词the 之后表示一类人，也可用作表语，可修饰人或物。如：

a living plant 活的植物

The living will go on with the work of the dead.活着的人将继续死者的工作。

all living things所有生物 the living 在世者，活着的人们

4)live [laiv]

（1）（动、植物）“活的”，“有生命的”，“活生生的，主要用来说鸟或其它动物，作前置定语；如：a live fish一条活鱼 a live tiger 一只活老虎

(2)实况的，现场直播的；如：a live report现场报道a live show/broadcast/TV program现场转播的表演/实况广播/现场直播的电视节目

living有精神的，活泼的，快活的，轻快的

Her grandfather is still living at the age of 93.她爷爷已经93岁了，仍然健在。

5)lively 意为“活泼的”，“有生气的”, 生动的

“生动的”，可用作表语、定语，指人或物。如：

a lively child 活泼的孩子

a lively description 生动的描述如：

a lively mind 活跃的头脑 a lively discussion 热烈的讨论

a way of making one’s classes lively 使课堂生动的方法

He told a lively story about his life in Africa. 他讲述了一个有关他的非洲生活的一个生动故事。

Young children are usually lively. 年轻人通常很活泼。

13.all the same adj.都一样；无所谓（to+n.）

①You can stay or leave now;It’s all the same to me.

adv.仍然，还是

Thank you all the same.

all the year round 全年，一年到头

In the west coast of Canada,it rains all the year round.

14.allow与permit

1)用法相同

allow / permit sb .to do sth .允许某人做某事

allow / permit doing sth . 允许做某事。此时动词只用ing 形式。

反义词forbid 具有同样用法。

2)意义有异同

许多情况下可换用，只是词意的强弱上有差异。allow语意较弱，含有“听任”，“默许”，“不加阻止”的意思；permit 语意较强，强调“正式认可”，“批准”的意思。如：

The nurse allowed him to remain there ,though it was not permitted.

护士让他留在那里，虽然这时（规定）不允许的。

15.amaze vt.使……惊奇 = astonish, surprise

The news amazed us greatly.这条消息使我们感到很惊奇。

拓展：（1）amazed人对……感到吃惊的；amazing（某物）……信人吃惊的。

They were all amazed at the amazing news. 听到这个令人吃惊的消息他们感到惊讶。

(2)amazement n.

to one’s amazement令人吃惊的是

To my amazement, they have gone to Xishuangbanna. 让我奇怪的是，他们去西双版纳了。

类似短语：to one’s happiness/excitement/sadness/puzzlement

使某人高兴的/兴奋的/伤心的/迷惑的是

16.and so on : etc 等等。用来表示列举，但又不一一列出。

He knows five foreign languages, English, French, Japanese and so on.他懂5种外语，如英语、法语、日语等等。

17.announce, explain, introduce, declare后面不接双宾语，若以人作宾语常置于to后。如：

The president announced to the workers the sad news.

The president announced the sad news to the workers.总裁向工人宣布了那不幸的消息。

He introduced the new comer to everyone here.他把新来的那个人介绍给这里的每个人。

18.report to sb.向某人汇报：report sth/sb.to sb.向某人汇报/告诉。

[应用]单句改错

①The teacher explained his students how to use the computer.

②No one declared us we could not smoke here.

Key:①explain后加to ②declare后加to

19.another day/the other day/some day/one day

another day 可表示近期将来的某一天，意为“改天”，也可表示过去将来某一动作或状态延续的“又一天”。如:

She is coming another day instead of today. 她今天不来，改天来。

You may do it another day.

你可以改天做这件事。

He stayed there (for) another day/another two days after I lift.

我离开后他在那又待了一天/两天。

the other day 相当于a few days ago,意为“几天前、某天、那天、不久前”，句中用一般过去时。如：

I met her in the street the other day.几天前我在街上碰见过她。

I bought the watch the other day.这手表我是几天前买的。

some day指将来“总有一天、有朝一日、终将、（日后）某一天”，谓语动词用一般将来时.如:

Your wishes will come true some day.总有一天你的愿望会实现的。

Some day you’ll have to pay for what you have done.

总有一天你要为你的行为而付出代价的。

one day可以表示“（过去）某一天”，谓语动词常用一般过去式；也可表示“（将来）某一天”，这时可与some day互相代替，谓语常用一般将来时。如：

One day I went to see my first teacher ,but he happened to be out.有一天，我去看我的启蒙老师，可碰巧他出去了。

He will understand the teacher one day/some day.将来有一天，他会理解老师的。

20.anxious, eager

两个词均有“渴望，急于”之意。anxious 着重指焦急、着急或担心；而eager着重指对成功的期望或进取的热情。两者都多用作表语，其主语通常是人，不能以无生命的事物作主语。对比：

He is eager to join the army.他渴望参军。

He is anxious to know whether he has been chosen.

他急于知道是否被选上了。

常用搭配：

①be anxious to do sth.渴望急切地做某事；be anxious for渴望（了解、得到）；

be anxious about担心，对……感到不安

②be eager to do sth.急切地想做某事；

be eager for (about, after)渴望，渴求，

be eager for your help渴望得到你的帮助；

be eager about peace渴望和平

①学生们都急切地想知道考试结果。

The students ________ ________ ________ ________ the results ofthe examination.

②那个小男孩渴望得到一台新录音机。The little boy was ________ ________a new recorder.

③我很担心我儿子的健康。I’m ________ ________my son’s health.

④他殷切希望女儿的成功。He is __________ _________ his daughter’s success.

Key:①are, anxious(eager),to ,know②anxious(eager)，for③anxious, about④eager, for(about, after)

21.apologize for doing sth.

apologize是不及物动词，意为“道歉”，其表达式为“apologize to sb.for sth.”。如：

You must apologize to your sister for being so rude.它的名词形式是apology, 复数形式是apologizes.

make one’s apologies to sb. for sth.= make an apology to sb. for sth.如：

He make his apologies to me for coming late.

22.appear

As a result, it appered to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.因此，地球上的科学家看来，恒星好像是移动了。

句型：It appears/seems(to sb.) +that—clause.看来/似乎是……

①It appears to me that something is wrong.我看好像有点不大对头。

②It appears that he will the prize.看来他会得笑。

appear;seem;look

appear, seem, look都有“看起来似……”之意，但其暗含意思和用法又各有不同。

从意义上讲：

(1)appear强调外表给人的印象，有时含实质上并非如此的意思，如：

He appears to know more than he really does。他看起来好像懂得很多。（其实懂得没有那么多）

(2)seem暗示有一定根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实，如：

His health seems to be better.他的健康状况似乎有所好转。

(3)look着重由视觉得出的印象，如：

He doesn’t look his age.他看起来比实际年龄年轻（或老成）。

从用法上讲：

seem和appear后可加

(to + be)+表语(adj.或n.或prep.)

+to v.

It + ~ +(that)从句如：

He seems/appears（to be）very sad today.=It seems that he is very sad today.

It seems like years since I saw you last time.

He seems a kind doctor.（=It seems that he is a kind doctor.）

He seems/appears to have caught a cold.=It seems/appears that he has caught a cold.

look当“看起来似乎…和as if从句。如：

He looks strong.

She looks like her mother.

It looks as if we are going to miss the train.…”讲时，可接形容词、过去分词、名词、介词短语

23.area; district

（1）area表示“地区、区域”，是普通用词，暗示一个较大的，可能是没有清楚界限的地区，不能用来指行政上的地理单位。如：

The old man lives in a mountain area.这位老人生活在山东。

This is a less developed area.这是个欠发达地区。

Most of the large land areas are connected.多数大块陆地是相连的。

（2）district表示“区、地区、区域”，指为行政管理或选举之目的所分的区。在同一城市，各种性质不同的区域也叫district。如：

Where is the District of Columbia?哥伦比亚特区在什么地方？

The old man used to work in the jin-Cha-Ji Military District.那位老人曾经在晋察冀军区工作。

The northeast part of the city is the residential district.这城市的东北部是住宅区。

24.Arm

take…in one’s arms

该结构意为“拥抱”。如：

He went into classroom, taking some books in his arms.

As a child….:As/When he was a child…，小的时候，该句型中的as为连词，意为“在……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。当从句与主句主语一致，且从句谓语为be时，可将从句主语及be省略。

①Even as(he was)a student,Professor Smith showed great interest in maths.甚至上学的时候，史密斯教授对数学就很感兴趣。

②As(he was)a boy,he liked playing table tennis with the grown-ups.小时候，他就喜欢和大人们打乒乓球。

25.as a result 作为结果，结果（发生某情况），可置于句首，也可置于句末

She got up very early. As a result, she was able to catch the early bus.她起得很早，因此她赶上了早班车。

He has won the game. He is in high spirits as a result. 他赢了比赛，所以他精神高昂。

He runs every day .As a result , he has lost weight .他每天跑步，结果他减肥了。

as a result of 作为……的结果，as a result of……的结果是

As a result of exercise , he has built up his health.

The flight was delayed as a result of typhoon.该次班机因台风而延误

result in = lead to 导致，造成……结果，如：

Hard work results in success.努力终归成功。(= Success results from hard work.成功来自努力)

Hard work results in success. 勤奋才会成功。

result from 由……产生的结果，如：

Success results from hard work. 成功来自勤奋。

His illness resulted from overwork. 他的病起因于操劳过渡。