按照常规,去执行npm start
或者在Terminal中手动输入命令,结果如下:
C:\Subversion\test>npm start
> test@0.0.0 start C:\Subversion\test
> node ./bin/www
可以看到是执行了test/package.json文件中的start命令,初始packagejson.json文件内容如下:
{
"name": "test",
"version": "0.0.0",
"private": true,
"scripts": {
"start": "node ./bin/www"
},
"dependencies": {
"cookie-parser": "~1.4.3",
"debug": "~2.6.9",
"ejs": "~2.5.7",
"express": "~4.16.0",
"http-errors": "~1.6.2",
"morgan": "~1.9.0"
}
}
执行start,对应的命令为node ./bin/www并在命令行执行。现在项目已经启动成功了,可以打开浏览器输入localhost:3000查看一下,但是本次侧重点在于项目启动时候发生的完整的过程。所以……
那么我们需要看一下 ./bin/www 文件
#!/usr/bin/env node
/**
* Module dependencies.
*/
var app = require('../app');
var debug = require('debug')('test:server');
var http = require('http');
/**
* Get port from environment and store in Express.
*/
var port = normalizePort(process.env.PORT || '3000');
app.set('port', port);
/**
* Create HTTP server.
*/
var server = http.createServer(app);
/**
* Listen on provided port, on all network interfaces.
*/
server.listen(port);
server.on('error', onError);
server.on('listening', onListening);
/**
* Normalize a port into a number, string, or false.
*/
function normalizePort(val) {
var port = parseInt(val, 10);
if (isNaN(port)) {
// named pipe
return val;
}
if (port >= 0) {
// port number
return port;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Event listener for HTTP server "error" event.
*/
function onError(error) {
if (error.syscall !== 'listen') {
throw error;
}
var bind = typeof port === 'string'
? 'Pipe ' + port
: 'Port ' + port;
// handle specific listen errors with friendly messages
switch (error.code) {
case 'EACCES':
console.error(bind + ' requires elevated privileges');
process.exit(1);
break;
case 'EADDRINUSE':
console.error(bind + ' is already in use');
process.exit(1);
break;
default:
throw error;
}
}
/**
* Event listener for HTTP server "listening" event.
*/
function onListening() {
var addr = server.address();
var bind = typeof addr === 'string'
? 'pipe ' + addr
: 'port ' + addr.port;
debug('Listening on ' + bind);
}
通过 require() 来引入本地安装的包,这里加载了三个包 app、debug 、http ,主要关注一下app.js
var createError = require('http-errors');
var express = require('express');
var path = require('path');
var cookieParser = require('cookie-parser');
var logger = require('morgan');
var indexRouter = require('./routes/index');
var usersRouter = require('./routes/users');
var app = express();
// view engine setup
app.set('views', path.join(__dirname, 'views'));
app.set('view engine', 'ejs');
app.use(logger('dev'));
app.use(express.json());
app.use(express.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.use(cookieParser());
app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));
app.use('/', indexRouter);
app.use('/users', usersRouter);
// catch 404 and forward to error handler
app.use(function(req, res, next) {
next(createError(404));
});
// error handler
app.use(function(err, req, res, next) {
// set locals, only providing error in development
res.locals.message = err.message;
res.locals.error = req.app.get('env') === 'development' ? err : {};
// render the error page
res.status(err.status || 500);
res.render('error');
});
module.exports = app;
可以看到app加载的为该项目基础组件,核心为 var app = express(); 看一下express.js
var bodyParser = require('body-parser')
var EventEmitter = require('events').EventEmitter;
var mixin = require('merge-descriptors');
var proto = require('./application');
var Route = require('./router/route');
var Router = require('./router');
var req = require('./request');
var res = require('./response');
/**
* Expose `createApplication()`.
*/
exports = module.exports = createApplication;
/**
* Create an express application.
*
* @return {Function}
* @api public
*/
function createApplication() {
var app = function(req, res, next) {
app.handle(req, res, next);
};
mixin(app, EventEmitter.prototype, false);
mixin(app, proto, false);
// expose the prototype that will get set on requests
app.request = Object.create(req, {
app: { configurable: true, enumerable: true, writable: true, value: app }
})
// expose the prototype that will get set on responses
app.response = Object.create(res, {
app: { configurable: true, enumerable: true, writable: true, value: app }
})
app.init();
return app;
}
/**
* Expose the prototypes.
*/
exports.application = proto;
exports.request = req;
exports.response = res;
/**
* Expose constructors.
*/
exports.Route = Route;
exports.Router = Router;
/**
* Expose middleware
*/
exports.json = bodyParser.json
exports.query = require('./middleware/query');
exports.static = require('serve-static');
exports.urlencoded = bodyParser.urlencoded
将app用到的中间件等暴露出来,所以 app = express() 实际上就是加载应用基础组件,生成项目的根节点(当然这个节点是复合的)。所以在app.js中,进行的是加载应用基础组件并进行应用设置初始化(包含了视图目录设置、页面模板引擎设置、中间件的设置、静态资源目录设置以及错误捕捉相关内容)。
继续回到 www.js,同样将debug配置、http相关组件进行加载。继而是默认端口号的设定。通过http.createServer(app),创建应用服务相关信息,并对端口进行监听。
浏览器输入localhost:3000
控制台显示:
GET / 304 3.389 ms - -
GET /stylesheets/style.css 304 0.680 ms - -
说明在以GET方式请求URI为"/"的资源,并以GET方式请求/stylesheets/style.css资源,这个发生在app.js中我们设定的资源请求。
var indexRouter = require('./routes/index');
var usersRouter = require('./routes/users');
app.use('/', indexRouter);
app.use('/users', usersRouter);
我们来看下 ./routes/index 文件
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();
/* GET home page. */
router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
res.render('index', { title: 'Express' });
});
module.exports = router;
即定义网站主页的路由
使用 express.Router 类创建模块化、可挂载的路由句柄(简称:路由模块)。Router 实例是一个完整的中间件和路由系统。最终,在应用中加载路由模块app.use('/', indexRouter);
通过 res.render 对视图进行渲染,上述为对index.ejs的渲染。ps:在app.js中已经设定了views的所在目录。语法:res.render(view [,locals] [,callback])
- locals 定义视图的局部变量。局部变量cache启用视图缓存。将其设置为true,以在开发期间缓存视图; 默认情况下,生产中启用了视图缓存。
- callback 定义回调函数。如果存在,则该方法返回可能的错误和异常信息,将不执行自动相应。发生错误时,该方法在next(err)内部调用
示例:
// send the rendered view to the client
res.render('index');
// if a callback is specified, the rendered HTML string has to be sent explicitly
res.render('index', function(err, html) {
res.send(html);
});
// pass a local variable to the view
res.render('user', { name: 'Tobi' }, function(err, html) {
// ...
});
区别:路由句柄
为请求处理提供多个回调函数,其行为类似 中间件。唯一的区别是这些回调函数有可能调用 next('route') 方法跳至下一个同路由的回调函数而略过其他路由回调函数。路由句柄有多种形式,可以是一个函数、一个函数数组,或者是两者混合。
使用一个回调函数处理路由:
app.get('/example/a', function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from A!');
});
使用多个回调函数处理路由(记得指定 next 对象):
app.get('/example/b', function (req, res, next) {
console.log('response will be sent by the next function ...');
next();
}, function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from B!');
});
使用回调函数数组处理路由:
var cb0 = function (req, res, next) {
console.log('CB0');
next();
}
var cb1 = function (req, res, next) {
console.log('CB1');
next();
}
var cb2 = function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from C!');
}
app.get('/example/c', [cb0, cb1, cb2]);
混合使用函数和函数数组处理路由:
var cb0 = function (req, res, next) {
console.log('CB0');
next();
}
var cb1 = function (req, res, next) {
console.log('CB1');
next();
}
app.get('/example/d', [cb0, cb1], function (req, res, next) {
console.log('response will be sent by the next function ...');
next();
}, function (req, res) {
res.send('Hello from D!');
});
区别:路由方法
一个路由示例:
var express = require('express');
var app = express();
// respond with "hello world" when a GET request is made to the homepage
app.get('/', function(req, res) {
res.send('hello world');
});
路由方法源于 HTTP 请求方法,和 express 实例相关联。
获取express的一个实例 app ,通过路由方法(和HTTP请求对应),GET方式请求 "/"。详细的路由方法参考链接:路由方法