3.1 英汉句式差异

1.意和 VS 形和

意和：从整体上把握对象，注重语意，整个句子前后语意保持一致，汉语句的基础是语意。

形和：追求语法形式上的和谐，英语的基础是语法

例1

分子之间存在这着引力，这种引力随着分子之间距离的不同而有显著的变化，在间距为千万分之几毫米的分子之间的引力是很小的，但是分子靠得很近时，这种引力会变得相当大。

• There were forces between molecules, these forces change significantly with the distance between molecules, the attraction between molecules that were more than a few、ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small, but when molecules approach more closely, they will become considerable.

  流水句，一个句子中存在多个主语

• There were forces of attraction between molecules which varied rapidly with the distance so that the attraction between molecules that were more than a few ten millionths of a millimeter apart was very small but became considerable when the molecules approached more closely.

2.主题突出 VS 主语突出

汉语：主语缺省

英语：主谓缺一不可

例2

基于量子理论，推导了这些特殊的方程式。

The special equations are derived based on the quantum theory.

采用被动形式，保证了主谓形式的完整

3.隐性连接 VS 显性连接

汉语：少用甚至不用关联词

英语：常用甚至多用关联词

例3

锥形靶的直径为5mm，只能处理内径大于5mm的管子。

可推测出，前后句为因果关系

As the conical target has a diameter of 5mm, only tubes with inner diameter larger than 5mm can be processed.

4. 左倾结构 VS 右倾结构

汉语：定语和状语修饰成分在被修饰部分的前面，重心向左倾斜

英语：定语和状元放在中心词的后面，较长的修饰成分一般后置，重心向右倾斜

例4

我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化 ,每天都在眼前发生。

Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day, to which we pay little attention.

5.竹节结构 VS 干支结构

汉语：句子中的结构并列，没有明显的主次结构，如同竹节一般连接而成

英语：主谓结构是句子主干部分，其他部分则枝叶

例5

儿童成长在有许多刺激因素的环境里，这些因素如果有利于其适当反应能力的发展，其智力就会发展到较高的水平。

The child who is raised in an environment w here there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.