第一节：LNMP架构概述

1.1 什么是LNMP

LNMP 是一套技术的组合， L=Linux、 N=Nginx、 M=MySQL、 P=PHP

1.2 LNMP架构是如何工作的

首先 Nginx 服务是不能处理动态请求，那么当用户发起动态请求时, Nginx 又是如何进行处理的。
当用户发起 http 请求，请求会被 Nginx 处理，如果是静态资源请求 Nginx 则直接返回，如果是动态请求 Nginx 则通过 fastcgi 协议转交给后端的 PHP 程序处理，具体如下图所示

1.3 Nginx与Fast-CGI工作流程

Fastcgi

1.用户通过 http 协议发起请求，请求会先抵达 LNMP 架构中的 Nginx
2.Nginx 会根据用户的请求进行判断，这个判断是有 Location 进行完成
3.判断用户请求的是静态页面， Nginx 直接进行处理
4.判断用户请求的是动态页面， Nginx 会将该请求交给 fastcgi 协议下发
5.fastgi 会将请求交给 php-fpm 管理进程, php-fpm 管理进程接收到后会调用具体的工作进程 warrap
6.warrap 进程会调用 php 程序进行解析,如果只是解析代码 php 直接返回
7.如果有查询数据库操作，则由 php 连接数据库(用户 密码 IP)发起查询的操作
8.最终数据由 mysql->php->php-fpm->fastcgi->nginx->http->user

第二节：LNMP 部署

2.0 创建统一用户

[root@web01 ~]# groupadd www -g 666
[root@web01 ~]# useradd www -g 666 -u 666 -M -s /sbin/nologin
[root@web01 ~]# id www
uid=666(www) gid=666(www) 组=666(www)

2.1 安装nginx php

官方nginx源

[root@web01 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo 
[nginx-stable]
name=nginx stable repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key

[nginx-mainline]
name=nginx mainline repo
baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/mainline/centos/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=https://nginx.org/keys/nginx_signing.key

php 源

[root@web01 ~]# rpm -Uvh https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-7.noarch.rpm
[root@web01 ~]# rpm -Uvh https://mirror.webtatic.com/yum/el7/webtatic-release.rpm

安装 php

[root@web01 ~]# yum remove php-mysql-5.4 php php-fpm php-common
#   先移除以上软件包，防止与后续新版本php冲突

[root@web01 ~]# yum -y install php71w php71w-cli php71w-common php71w-devel php71w-embedded php71w-gd php71w-mcrypt php71w-mbstring php71w-pdo php71w-xml php71w-fpm php71w-mysqlnd php71w-opcache php71w-pecl-memcached php71w-pecl-redis php71w-pecl-mongodb 

安装 nginx

[root@web01 ~]# yum -y install nginx

安装 mariadb

[root@web01 ~]# yum -y install mariadb mariadb-server

2.2 配置 php-fpm nginx

# 统一用户

[root@web01 ~]# sed -i '/^user/c user = www' /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
[root@web01 ~]# sed -i '/^group/c group = www' /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

[root@web01 ~]# sed -i '/^user/c user  www;' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Sed 小贴士

2.3 启动 php-fpm nginx

[root@web01 nginx]# systemctl start php-fpm.service 
[root@web01 nginx]# systemctl enable php-fpm.service 
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/php-fpm.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service.


[root@web01 nginx]# systemctl start nginx
[root@web01 nginx]# systemctl enable nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.


[root@web01 nginx]# systemctl start mariadb.service 
[root@web01 nginx]# systemctl enable mariadb.service 
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.

2.4 配置Mariadb密码

# 修改密码方式1
[root@web01 nginx]# mysqladmin password 'test123'


# 修改密码方式2
[root@web01 nginx]# mysql_secure_installation

2.5 mysql 基础命令

登录mysql

[root@web01 nginx]# mysql -uroot -ptest123

指定ip登录

[root@web01 ~]# mysql -uroot -poldboy123 -h127.0.0.1

查看当前mysql用户

MariaDB [(none)]> select user,host from mysql.user;
+------+-----------+
| user | host      |
+------+-----------+
| root | 127.0.0.1 |
| root | ::1       |
|      | localhost |
| root | localhost |
|      | web01     |
| root | web01     |
+------+-----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看数据库列表

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看库中的表

MariaDB [(none)]> show tables from mysql;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| host                      |
| ndb_binlog_index          |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| servers                   |
| slow_log                  |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+
24 rows in set (0.00 sec)

选择数据库

MariaDB [(none)]> choose mysql;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'choose mysql' at line 1
MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed

查看表中字段

MariaDB [mysql]> desc user;
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field                  | Type                              | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Host                   | char(60)                          | NO   | PRI |         |       |
| User                   | char(16)                          | NO   | PRI |         |       |
| Password               | char(41)                          | NO   |     |         |       |
| Select_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Insert_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Update_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Delete_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Create_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Drop_priv              | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Reload_priv            | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Shutdown_priv          | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Process_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| File_priv              | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Grant_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| References_priv        | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Index_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Alter_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Show_db_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Super_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Create_tmp_table_priv  | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Lock_tables_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Execute_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Repl_slave_priv        | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Repl_client_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Create_view_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Show_view_priv         | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Create_routine_priv    | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Alter_routine_priv     | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Create_user_priv       | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Event_priv             | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Trigger_priv           | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| Create_tablespace_priv | enum('N','Y')                     | NO   |     | N       |       |
| ssl_type               | enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') | NO   |     |         |       |
| ssl_cipher             | blob                              | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| x509_issuer            | blob                              | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| x509_subject           | blob                              | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| max_questions          | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| max_updates            | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| max_connections        | int(11) unsigned                  | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| max_user_connections   | int(11)                           | NO   |     | 0       |       |
| plugin                 | char(64)                          | NO   |     |         |       |
| authentication_string  | text                              | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
+------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
42 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除用户

MariaDB [(none)]> drop user web@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

退出

MariaDB [mysql]> exit
Bye

第三节：LNMP 环境配置

3.0 认识 Fastcgi 语法

设置 fastcgi 服务器的地址，该地址可以指定为域名或 IP 地址，以及端口

Syntax: fastcgi_pass address;
Default: —
Context: location, if in location

#语法示例
fastcgi_pass localhost:9000;
fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/fastcgi.socket;

设置 fastcgi 默认的首页文件，需要结合 fastcgi_param 一起设置

Syntax: fastcgi_index name;
Default: —
Context: http, server, location

通过 fastcgi_param 设置变量，并将设置的变量传递到后端的 fastcgi 服务器

Syntax: fastcgi_param parameter value [if_not_empty];
Default: —
Context: http, server, location

#语法示例
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /code$fastcgi_script_name;

3.1 nginx 配置

[root@web01 conf.d]# vim www.cxw.com.conf 

server {
    server_name www.cxw.com;
    listen 80;
    root /code;
    index index.php index.html;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        root /code;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

3.2 测试php

[root@web01 conf.d]# mkdir /code
[root@web01 conf.d]# chown -R www.www /code
[root@web01 conf.d]# vim /code/info.php

<?php
    phpinfo();
?>

3.3 检查nginx语法并重启

[root@web01 conf.d]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web01 conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx

3.4 绑定hosts并打开网页

http://www.cxw.com/info.php

image

3.5 检查php与数据库的连接

[root@web01 conf.d]# vim /code/mysql.php

<?php
    $servername = "localhost";
    $username = "root";
    $password = "test123";

    // 创建连接
    $conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password);

    // // 检测连接
    if (!$conn) {
        die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
    }
    echo "php 连接 MySQL 数据库成功";
?>

image

第四节：部署 Wordpress

[root@web01 conf.d]# vim blog.cxw.com.conf 

server {
    server_name blog.cxw.com;
    listen 80;
    root /code/wordpress;
    index index.php index.html;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        root /code/wordpress;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

[root@web01 conf.d]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@web01 conf.d]# systemctl restart nginx

# 上传文件

caixiaoweideMacBook-Air:~ chevy$ scp /Users/chevy/Downloads/wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.gz root@10.0.0.7:/code
root@10.0.0.7's password: 
wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.gz                  100% 8870KB   5.7MB/s   00:01 

[root@web01 code]# ll
总用量 8872
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 9082696 9月  25 20:16 wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.gz
[root@web01 code]# tar xf wordpress-4.9.4-zh_CN.tar.gz 
[root@web01 code]# chown -R www.www /code

[root@web01 code]# mysql -uroot -ptest123

MariaDB [(none)]> create database wordpress;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
| wordpress          |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

## 命令行直接创建数据库
mysql -uroot -ptest123 -e 'create database wordpress'

# 修改hosts

caixiaoweideMacBook-Air:~ chevy$ sudo vim /private/etc/hosts
Password:

##
# Host Database
#
# localhost is used to configure the loopback interface
# when the system is booting.  Do not change this entry.
##
127.0.0.1       localhost
255.255.255.255 broadcasthost
::1             localhost
10.0.0.7        www.cxw.com blog.cxw.com zhihu.cxw.com

访问 blog.cxw.com

image

第五节：部署WeCenter

参考wordpress

注意点: 1.配置文件的域名和目录

            2.目录文件的权限

            3.重启nginx

            4.创建数据库

            5.网页配置时候数据表类型选择InnoDB

配置文件:

[root@web01 code]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/zhihu.cxw.com.conf 

server {
    server_name zhihu.cxw.com;
    listen 80;
    root /code/zhihu;
    index index.php index.html;

    location ~ \.php$ {
        root /code/zhihu;
        fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
    }
}

第六节：拆分数据库

6.1 为什么要进行数据库的拆分

由于单台服务器运行 LNMP 架构会导致网站访问缓慢，当内存被吃满时，很容易导致系统出现 oom，从而 kill 掉MySQL 数据库，所以需要将 web 和数据库进行独立部署

6.2 数据库拆分后解决了什么问题

1.缓解 web 网站的压力
2.增强数据库读写性能
3.提高用户访问的速度

6.3 数据库拆分架构演变过程

image

6.4 环境搭建

6.4.1 备份数据库

[root@web01 code]# mysqldump -uroot -ptest123 -A >/root/mysql.sql

6.4.2 传输到db01

[root@web01 code]# scp /root/mysql.sql 10.0.0.51:/root

6.4.3 db01数据库从备份恢复

[root@db01 ~]# yum install mariadb mariadb-server -y
[root@db01 ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@db01 ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
[root@db01 ~]# mysqladmin password 'test123'
[root@db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'oldboy123' < /root/mysql.sql
[root@db01 ~]# mysql -uroot -p'oldboy123' -e "show databases;"
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
| wordpress          |
| zhihu              |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6.4.4 创建web用户授权172.16.1.0网段登录

MariaDB [(none)]> grant all privileges on *.* to 'web'@'172.16.1.%' identified by 'test123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

# web01客户端测试登录
[root@web01 code]# mysql -h172.16.1.51 -uweb -ptest123
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 5
Server version: 5.5.64-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> 

6.4.5 web01连接远程数据库

修改 wordpress

[root@web01 ~]# vim /code/wordpress/wp-config.php 

 * * MySQL设置
 * * 密钥
 * * 数据库表名前缀
 * * ABSPATH
 *
 * @link https://codex.wordpress.org/zh-cn:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91_wp-config.php
 *
 * @package WordPress
 */

// ** MySQL 设置 - 具体信息来自您正在使用的主机 ** //
/** WordPress数据库的名称 */
define('DB_NAME', 'wordpress');

/** MySQL数据库用户名 */
define('DB_USER', 'web');

/** MySQL数据库密码 */
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'test123');

/** MySQL主机 */
define('DB_HOST', '172.16.1.51');

修改WeCenter

[root@web01 ~]# vim /code/zhihu/system/config/database.php 

<?php

$config['charset'] = 'utf8mb4';^M
$config['prefix'] = 'aws_';^M
$config['driver'] = 'MySQLi';^M
$config['master'] = array (
  'charset' => 'utf8mb4',
  'host' => '172.16.1.51',
  'username' => 'web',
  'password' => 'test123',
  'dbname' => 'zhihu',
);^M
$config['slave'] = false;^M
~                             

关闭web01数据库

[root@web01 ~]# systemctl stop mariadb
[root@web01 ~]# systemctl disable mariadb
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service.

测试

打开相应网站操作确认

第七节：扩展web节点

7.1 为什么要拓展多台web节点

单台 web 服务器能抗住的访问量是有限的，配置多台 web 服务器能提升更高的访问速度

7.2 拓展多台web解决了什么问题

1.单台 web 节点如果故障，会导致业务 down 机
2.多台 web 节点能保证业务的持续稳定，扩展性高
3.多台 web 节点能有效的提升用户访问网站的速度

7.3 多台web服务器架构组成

image

7.4 多台web服务器思路

1.可以使用ansible批量部署多台web服务器
2.配置内网私有yum仓库
3 按照web01的步骤安装好nginx和php，然后远程拷贝代码到新机器

7.5 搭建

[root@web02 ~]# groupadd www -g 666
[root@web02 ~]# useradd www -g 666 -u 666 -M -s /sbin/nologin

[root@web02 ~]# scp -rp root@172.16.1.7:/etc/yum.repos.d/* /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@web02 ~]# scp -rp root@172.16.1.7:/etc/pki/rpm-gpg/* /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/

[root@web02 ~]# yum install nginx -y
[root@web02 ~]# yum -y install php71w php71w-cli php71w-common php71w-devel php71w-embedded php71w-gd php71w-mcrypt php71w-mbstring php71w-pdo php71w-xml php71w-fpm php71w-mysqlnd php71w-opcache php71w-pecl-memcached php71w-pecl-redis php71w-pecl-mongodb 

# 拷贝nginx配置文件
[root@web02 ~]# scp -rp root@172.16.1.7:/etc/nginx /etc/
# 拷贝php配置文件
[root@web02 ~]# scp -rp root@172.16.1.7:/etc/php-fpm.d /etc/

# 打包
[root@web01 /]# tar zcvf code.tar.gz /code
# 发送到web02
[root@web01 /]# scp code.tar.gz 10.0.0.8:/
# 解压
[root@web02 ~]# tar xf /code.tar.gz -C /

# 开机自启
[root@web02 ~]# systemctl start nginx php-fpm
[root@web02 ~]# systemctl enable nginx php-fpm 
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/php-fpm.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service.

修改hosts 测试访问

第八节：挂载 nfs

要点

1.创建www用户
2.安装nfs-utils
3.服务端配置exports

   /code/blog 172.16.1.0/24(rw,sync,all_squash,anonuid=666,anongid=666)
   /code/zhihu 172.16.1.0/24(rw,sync,all_squash,anonuid=666,anongid=666)

4.nfs 加入自启
5.客户端安装nfs-utils
6.客户端挂载
7.挂载目录

   /code/wordpress/wp-content/uploads
   /code/zhihu/uploads