因为微服务项目一般涉及的工程较多,所以在开发环境会把这些工程部署到虚拟机中,方便测试。
首先给出微服务开发虚拟机环境相关软件清单:
- Vagrant 2.2.10
- VirtualBox 6.1.16
- Windows PowerShell(windows 10 自带)
我们的目标是在 windows 10 下,构建出 Vagrant 管控的、 底层基于 VirtualBox 虚拟机技术的 CentOS 环境。
因为会用到底层虚拟化技术,所以我们需要首先在任务管理器的"性能"页签下,确认是否已启用虚拟化技术,如果没有需要在主板 Bios 中开启。
1 Vagrant
Vagrant 是一个虚拟机管理工具,通过它,我们可以快速实现虚拟机镜像分发和使用。
Vagrant 官网地址:https://www.vagrantup.com/
vagrant /ˈveɪɡrənt/
One who wanders from place to place without a permanent home or a means of livelihood.
(1)下载与安装
从 Vagrant 的下载页 找到对应操作系统版本的 msi 安装程序。
下载之后,双击 msi 即可进行安装。
安装过程中,我们可以选择 Vagrant 的安装路径:
其它没有什么特别的注意点,就是 Copying new files 过程会稍微久一些:
(2)验证
Vagrant 安装成功后,在命令行输入 vagrant version
,就可以看到如下输出:
也可以使用 vagrant -v
命令来查看版本号。
2 VirtualBox
VirtualBox 是一款功能强大的虚拟机软件,由于安装过程较简单,所以这里就不赘述咯。
因为镜像文件占用很大的存储空间,所以最好放在非系统盘中。
在 VirtualBox 中点击管理 -》全局设定
进入“常规”设置选项卡,在此可配置虚拟电脑位置:
3 安装 Vagrant Box
Vagrant中有两个重要概念:Box和Machine。Box指的是虚拟机应用镜像文件,比如 CentOS 应用。Machine指的是处于运行状态的虚拟机。
这里用到的 CentOS 来源于 https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search。
安装 box:
vagrant box add [box_name] file:///[box_path]
形如:vagrant box add --force --name centos7 C:\Users\86135\Documents\deniro-soft\MSA-CentOS7.box
注意:box 所在的 URI 必须是ascii 码,所以 box 所在的文件夹不能出现中文名。
如果需要覆盖已存在的 box,可以在之前的命令中加入 --force
。
Vagrant2.x 的vagrant box add
命令说明摘录如下:
Usage: vagrant box add [options] <name, url, or path>
Options:
-c, --clean Clean any temporary download files
-f, --force Overwrite an existing box if it exists
--insecure Do not validate SSL certificates
--cacert FILE CA certificate for SSL download
--capath DIR CA certificate directory for SSL download
--cert FILE A client SSL cert, if needed
--location-trusted Trust 'Location' header from HTTP redirects and use the same credentials for subsequent urls as for the initial one
--provider PROVIDER Provider the box should satisfy
--box-version VERSION Constrain version of the added box
The box descriptor can be the name of a box on HashiCorp's Vagrant Cloud,
or a URL, or a local .box file, or a local .json file containing
the catalog metadata.
The options below only apply if you're adding a box file directly,
and not using a Vagrant server or a box structured like 'user/box':
--checksum CHECKSUM Checksum for the box
--checksum-type TYPE Checksum type (md5, sha1, sha256)
--name BOX Name of the box
--[no-]color Enable or disable color output
--machine-readable Enable machine readable output
-v, --version Display Vagrant version
--debug Enable debug output
--timestamp Enable timestamps on log output
--debug-timestamp Enable debug output with timestamps
--no-tty Enable non-interactive output
-h, --help Print this help
使用 vagrant box remove <name>
,可以删除指定名称的 box。
4 初始化 Vagrant Box
打开 PowerShell(win10 自带,直接在搜索框中可以找到)
Windows PowerShell 是一种命令行外壳程序和脚本环境。
通过该命令 vagrant box list
我们可以查看刚才安装的 CentOS Box:
切换到需要安装虚拟机的路径,然后运行 vagrant init <box_name>
,执行初始化 Box 操作。
命令执行成功后,会在当前路径下生成 Vagrantfile 配置文件。
5 vagrantfile 配置
在 vagrantfile 中,我们一般会配置以下这些参数。
(1)配置 box 名称
config.vm.box = "centos7"
(2)配置私有网络
私有网络的意思是:只有当前主机才可以访问这个虚拟机。语法示例为:config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
(3)配置共享文件夹
Vagrant 提供了将本机目录挂载到虚拟机目录的功能,默认是将Vagrant 配置文件所在目录挂载到虚拟机 /vagrant
目录下。语法示例为:config.vm.synced_folder "C:/VM/Vagrant/data", "/host_data"
。注意:本机目录(示例中的 C:/VM/Vagrant/data
)必须预先创建好。
配置好后,就会在 vagrant up
命令启动后,看到输出日志:
通过 vagrant ssh
登录 CentOS 系统后,通过 cd /
进入根目录,就会看到主机所共享出来的目录:
(4)配置虚拟机内存与 CPU 数
vb.memory = "2048"
vb.cpus = 2
完整 vagrantfile 内容如下:
# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
# The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
# For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
# https://docs.vagrantup.com.
# Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
# boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
config.vm.box = "centos7"
#config.vm.boot_timeout = 600
# Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
# boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
# `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
# config.vm.box_check_update = false
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
# accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
# NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080
# Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
# within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
# via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
# config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"
# Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
# using a specific IP.
config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"
# Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
# Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
# your network.
# config.vm.network "public_network"
# config.vm.network "public_network",use_dhcp_assigned_default_route: true
# Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
# the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
# the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
# argument is a set of non-required options.
config.vm.synced_folder "C:/VM/Vagrant/data", "/vagrant_data"
# Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
# backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
# Example for VirtualBox:
#
config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
# # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
vb.gui = true
#
# # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
# vb.memory = "1024"
end
#
# View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
# information on available options.
config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
vb.memory = "2048"
vb.cpus = 2
end
# Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
# Puppet, Chef, Ansible, Salt, and Docker are also available. Please see the
# documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
# config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
# apt-get update
# apt-get install -y apache2
# SHELL
end
6 Vagrant 常用命令
命令 | 说明 |
---|---|
vagrant box list | 查看目前已创建的box |
vagrant box add | 新增 box |
vagrant box remove | 删除 box |
vagrant init | 初始化 box |
vagrant up | 启动虚拟机 |
vagrant ssh | ssh 登录虚拟机 |
vagrant suspend | 挂起虚拟机 |
vagrant reload | 重启虚拟机 |
vagrant halt | 关闭虚拟机 |
vagrant status | 查看虚拟机状态 |
vagrant destroy | 删除虚拟机 |
7 启动虚拟机
在 Windows PowerShell 中运行 vagrant up
,等待片刻,就可以在 VirtualBox 中看到虚拟机已经启动起来了。
虚拟机启动成功的输出日志为:
最后通过 vagrant ssh
命令就可以登录虚拟机的 CentOS 系统。