情态动词
情态动词有意义，表示人的看法和态度，不能单独做谓语，必须和实义动词或系动词的原形一起构成谓语，没有人称和数的变化。常用的情态动词有can, could; may, might; must should; need; dare; ought to等。
can, could,be able to的用法
1. can和could表示“能力”的区别：
例句Can you ride a bike?
I could play the violin at the age of 5.
2. can 和be able to表示“能力”的区别：
例句 She will be able to give a speech in a week.她再过一星期就会演讲了
Somebody has ever been able to do it.
有人曾经能够做这事。
Can you ride a bike?
你会骑自行车吗？
3. could和was/ were able to 表示“能力”的区别：
例句 When he was a child, he could swim across the river in ten minutes.
He was able to swim across the river in ten minutes fast week
=He managed to swim across the river in ten minutes last week.
=He succeeded in swimming across the river in ten minutes last week.
4. can和could表示“请求”(疑问句中)、“允许”的区别：
could 比can委婉；两者都指现在。回答一律用can或cannot。
例句 Can /could I park here?
我可以在这里停车吗？
Yes,you can.是的，你可以。
No, you cannot park here.你不能在这里停车。
5. can和could表示“可能性”的区别：
可以表示现在和将来，只是could的语气更加不肯定。
例句 Can/Could it be wrong?
那会/可能是错的？
That can't /couldn't be wrong.
那不可能是错的。
may/might的用法
1.表示允许或请求允许；might语气更礼貌。
例句May I leave now?我现在可以离开吗？
Might I sit down?我可以坐下吗？(更礼貌)
2.表示可能性，是“也许”之意。这时may和might无时间上的差别，只是might在语气上更不肯定。
例句 You may/might make a mistake.你也许犯错了。
They may/might be having a lesson.
他们也许正在上课。
must的用法
1. 表示 “必须”之意时(否定形式为：)
例句 We must pay attention to the serious problem
You mustn't swim here.
在回答由must引起的问题时，如果是否定回答，多用核 心语法 needn't或don't have to，表示“不必、没必要”。
例句 --Must the ladies dress up?
--No, they don't have to/they needn’t.
女士们必须着连衣裙吗？不，不必。
比较must 和 have to
1)must强调主观意志，have to强调客观因素。
例句He must stop smoking.他必须戒烟.(说话人认为他必须)
I have to go now, my friend is waiting for me downstairs.(客观因素)
2)must仅用于表示现在和未来。其他时态用have to。但在间接引语中可用must表示过去。
例句I had to start for the time is limited。
He decided he must stop smoking.
2. 表示 “肯定、一定”之意时（否定形式为：)
例句There must be a miracle.
There can't/ couldn't be a miracle.
need 的用法
作为情态动词，need一般只用于否定句和疑问句中
例句You needn't give me the answer now.
Need we give the answer now?
need作为实意动词比作为情态动词常用的多。实意动词need可用在所有句型中。
例句She needs to go home tomorrow.明天她需要回家。
He doesn’t need to explain anything.他不需要解释任何事。
@need做实义动词时，可用：need doing或need to be done(同require，want的用法)
例句My hair needs cutting.
=My hair needs to be cut.我的头发需要修理。
should/ought to的用法
表示有责任，义务，有时表示劝告。ought to的否定式为ought not to/ oughtn't to。
例句You ought to /should pay attention to what the doctor says.
你应该注意医生的话。
They shouldn't allow smoking here.
这里不应该允许吸烟。
注意 should在虚拟语气中的使用
would与used to 的区别
例句She used to study late into the night.
过去她常学习到深夜。(现在不了)
She would study late into the night.
以前她常学习到深夜。(不表示现在不了)
重点掌握“情态动词+have+ done”的用法
1.must have done( )
例句The playground is wet. It must have rained.操场是湿的，准是下雨了。
2. can't/couldn’t have done
例句The wallet can't have been lost there.
钱包不可能是在那儿丢的。
3. may/might have done (可能已经·…··)
例句He may have gone abroad.他可能已经出国了。
She might have solved the problem.
她可能已经解决那个问题了。
4. needn't have done (没必要做，但已经做……)
例句You needn't have cleaned my room.
你不必打扫我的房间。
5. should/ought to have done (本应该做，但没做，带有责备的意思)
例句 You should have finished your homework yesterday.
你昨天本来就该完成作业的。
You should have started half an hour earlier.
你本应该早半小时出发。
重点掌握would rather用法
1. would rather do
例句 He'd rather work in the city.她宁可到城市去工作。
2. would rather do…than do..
例句I would rather stay at home than go out
我宁可在家看而不愿外出。
3. would rather +从句(did/ had done)
例句I'd rather she went home now.
我宁愿她现在回家
I'd rather you met her at the train station tomorrow morning.
但愿你明天早上能在火车站见到她。
I'd rather you hadn't told him the truth that day.
我真希望你那天没有把事实告诉他。
水龙吟 · 登建康赏心亭
辛弃疾
楚天千里清秋，水随天去秋无际。
遥岑远目，献愁供恨，玉簪螺髻。
落日楼头，断鸿声里，江南游子。
把吴钩看了，栏杆拍遍，
无人会、登临意。
休说鲈鱼堪脍，尽西风，季鹰归未？
求田问舍，怕应羞见，刘郎才气。
可惜流年，忧愁风雨，树犹如此！
倩何人唤取，红巾翠袖，揾英雄泪！
affect v. 影响
affection n. ①爱 ②(pl.)爱慕 ③感情，温情
effect n. ①结果，效果②效力，作用，影响
defect n. 缺点，缺陷，毛病
infect vt. ①传染，感染②影响
perfect adj. ①完美的，极好的 ②完全的，十足的
allow v. ①允许，准许②给予，使得到
allowance n. 津贴，补贴，零用钱
swallow vt. ①吞下 ②轻信，不流露
n.①燕子②吞，咽
shallow adj.①浅的，不深的②浅薄的，肤浅的
balcony n. ①肤浅的 ②(戏院等的)楼座
colony ①殖民地
career n. 生涯，职业
cheer v.& n.使振奋，使高兴，向……欢
呼，喝彩
approach v. 走近，靠近
n. ①途径，通路，方法②步骤
coach n. ①教练，指导 ②长途公共汽车
vt. 训练，指导，辅导
bribe vt.& n.向……行贿，买通贿赂，行贿
cite vt. 引用，引证
client n. 委托人，当事人，顾客
facilitate vt. 使变得（更）容易，使便利
astonish vt. 使吃惊，震惊
extinguish vt. ①熄灭，扑灭
abolish vt. 彻底废除，废止
polish vt. ①磨光，擦亮 ②修改③使优美，润色
accomplish vt. 达到(目的)，完成(任务实现(计划/诺言等)
publish vt. ①出版，发行 刊印②公布，发表
ceremony n. 典礼，仪式
harmony n. 和谐，融洽，一致
ice n. 冰，冰块
vt. 使·……凉，冰镇
ignorance n. 无知，愚昧
immense adj. 广大的，巨大的
immune adj. 免疫的，有免疫力的，(~to)不受影响的
frame n. 镜框，框架
initial adj. 开始的，最初的
n. (常pl.)(姓名等的)首字母
initiative n. ①主动性首创精神 ②主动的行动 ③主动权
eternal adj. 永久的，永世的
external adj. 外部的，外面的，外表的
journal n. ①杂志，期刊，日报②日志，日记
distract vt. 转移(注意力)，使分心
have/gain access to 可以……；获得……的机会；有权使用……
take...into account 考虑到，顾及，体谅
take advantage of 占·……的便宜，利用
pave the way (for) 铺平道路，为……作准备
pay attention to 注意
do/try one's best 尽力，努力
make the best of 充分利用
take care 注意，当心
take care of 爱护，照料
take charge 开始管理，接管
take delight in 以……为乐
make a difference 有影响，起(重要)作用
take effect 生效，起作用
catch sb's eye 被某人看到，引起某人注意
keep an eye on 留神，照看，密切注意
find fault with 挑剔，找茬
catch (on) fire 着火，开始燃烧
make fiends (with) 与(…··)交朋友
make fun of 取笑，拿……开玩笑
lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心
getcatch/take hold of 抓住，得到
bear/keep in mind 记住
have...in mind 考虑到，想到
make up one's mind 下定决心，打定主意
keep pace (with) 与(……)齐步前进，与(……)并驾齐驱
play a part (in) 起作用，参与，扮演角色
take place 发生，进行，举行
take the place of 代替，取代
make progress 进步，进展
give rise to 引起，导致为……的原因
make sense 讲得通，有意义， 言之有理
catch sight of 突然
take one's time 发现，看见，不着急，不慌忙
make use of 利用
put to use 使用
give way 让路；屈服，让步；倒塌，坍陷
make one's way 前往，行进，去
make way 让路，腾出地方或位置
定语从句
先行词：
关系代词：
关系副词：
@非限定性定语从句还能将整个主语作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例句 She seems to misunderstand me, which greatly upsets me.
备注：用关系代词还是用关系副词，
①要看关系词在从句当中作什么成分；
②要看关系词所代表的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因；
③要看所引导的是限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。同样的先行词会有不同的关系词，这是因为关系词在从句当中担当的作用不同而决定的。
例句 This is the room where/in which we'll celebrate Christmas Day.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺圣诞节的房间。(充当地点状语)
This is the room (that/which) we'll celebrate Christmas Day in.
这是我们将要在里面庆贺圣诞节的房间。(充当介词宾语，可省略。)
This is the room which /that will be used for the celebration or Christmas Day.这是那个将要被用来庆贺圣诞节的房间。(充当主语)
This is the hall (which/that we'll use for the wedding party.这是我们将要用来举行婚礼的大厅。(充当宾语，可省略。)
The reason (that /which) he had given was incredible.
他给的理由令人难以置信。(充当宾语，可省略)
The reason why he cried is unknown.(充当原因状语)
他哭泣的原因是未知的。
注意
(1)先行词有最高级形容词修饰时，常用that，而不用which
例句 Edison was one of the greatest inventors that ever lived.
爱迪生是曾经的最伟大的发明家之一。
This is the best book that I've ever read.
这是我曾经读过的的最好的书。
(2)先行词有the very, the first,the last, all, no,the only, much. little, none, any,every等时，常用that，而不用which
例句 I still remember the first time that we met.
我仍然记得我们第一次见面的时候。
I'll do anything (that) I can to help you when you need.
当你需要的时候，我将尽一切可能帮助你。
(3)当先行词既有人又有物时，用that，不用which
例句 We were deeply impressed by the buildings and the equipment that we had visited.
我们参观过建筑物及设备给我们留下了深刻印象。
We listened to him talk about the men and books that interested him。
我们听他谈论他感兴趣的人物和书籍。
(4)在same和such之后，定语从句用as引导
例句 I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我从来没听说过他讲的这种故事。
She works in the same company as I do.
她和我在同一家公司工作。
(5)as引导的非限定性定语从句
例句 Miss Li is a good teacher, as/ which we all know.
As we all know, Miss Li g is a good teacher.
注意 当先行词是整个句子时，一般用which或as来引导定语从句。Which在从句中可做主语或宾语，as在从句中一般只做主语，而且从句中的谓语动词大多为系动词，若为行为动词则从句中的关系代词只能用which。which只能置于句中或句末，而as可置于句首，句中或者句末。
例如：as is known,as is said, as is reported, as is announced等。
例句 As is known to all, the sun is much bigger than the earth.
