1.情绪是一个随着时间变化逐渐产生的过程：Theoretically, emotion generation can be understood as a process that unfolds over time. Emotions begin with the individual perceiving a stimulus within a context and attending to its features. Next, the individual appraises a stimulus’s emotional significance, and this triggers an affective, physiological and behavioral response.
2.认知重评相对于其他情绪调节策略的优势，且是众多认知疗法（cognitive behavioral therap, dialectical behavioral therapy, and psychodynamic therapy）的核心要素：Reappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies (e.g., expressive suppression), and with longerlasting effects than attention-focused strategies (e.g., distraction).
3.认知过程如何影响情绪反应相关区域的呢？两种可能：One possibility is that cognitive control regions engage ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), which in turn modulates activity in regions related to emotional responding, such as the amygdala. A second possibility is that prefrontal and parietal control regions exert their effects via changes in lateral temporal areas associated with semantic and perceptual representations.
4.探讨认知重评的神经机制很复杂，而认知重评影响了情绪反应的哪些脑区的证据却相对一致：Amygdala in the detection, encoding, and organization of responses to arousing, goal-relevant stimuli.
5.认知重评激活了一致的认知控制脑区（dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal lobe）：
dlPFC may support manipulation of appraisals in working memory
vlPFC may support selection and inhibition of appraisals
dmPFC may support semantic and self-reflective processes relevant to elaborating the affective meaning of stimuli or perceiving one’s affective state
6.vmPFC（fear extinction, reversal learning, and regulation of social behavior）在当前分析中没有发现，三种可能性：One possibility is that vmPFC activation is not observable in contrasts comparing reappraisal to responding naturally to emotional stimuli because it is engaged by both. Alternatively, it could be that vmPFC is involved in processes related to emotion generation, such as self-reflection. A third possibility is that vmPFC recruitment is not observed in main effect contrasts of reappraisal, but may relate to individual differences.
7.left posterior temporal regions在当前分析中稳定出现，这可能有两种原因：left posterior temporal regions commonly implicated in interpreting actions, reflecting on intentions and extracting semantic meaning.
On the one hand, reappraisal could involve constructing an alternative internally represented version of a perceptual stimulus to which participants respond. Emotional responding is driven by that imagined stimulus. On the other hand, temporal lobe activity could reflect differential attention to emotion-relevant features that are essential for triggering one’s emotions and constructing a reinterpretation of them.
8.除Amygadala外，认知重评没有对其他脑区产生稳定影响，原因可能是：
Given the role of the ventral striatum and pallidum in craving and the formation of appetitive appraisals, it could be the case that reappraisal modulates activity in the ventral striatum and pallidum for positive stimuli and activity in the amygdala for aversive stimuli.
Although the ventral striatum is involved in reward, prior research has shown that the ventral striatum responds both to positive and negative stimuli and that stimulation of this region can result in both approach and avoidance Thus, it may be that the ventral striatum is involved in coordinating behavioral responses to emotion more broadly and that reappraisal is most likely to modulate activity in this region when an emotion activates a behavioral response component.
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1.One view holds that.... An alternative view is that.... To resolve these questions, ...
2.As such, a clear understanding of the neural systems underlying reappraisal is important for both basic and translational research.
3.To further investigate this issue, future work might seek to examine neural responses during reappraisal using experimental and analytic methods that do not rely on subtraction logic between emotion generation and regulation conditions.
