Stickgold, R., James, L., & Hobson, J. A. (2000). Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nature neuroscience, 3(12), 1237-1238.
stimulus（例如a或b，17ms）-blank（isi）-mask（17ms）
受试者的任务是报告：1.注视点显示的字母是T还是L；2.三根斜线是水平排列还是竖直排列的
测量的是在任务1正确的基础上（保证中央注视），任务2正确达到80%左右时的isi.
每个受试者都要进行两次测试，不同的受试者两次测试的时间间隔不一样（1天到7天），观察的是第二次测试时的isi比第一次的下降情况。
这篇文章还做了一个睡眠剥夺组，这个组的受试者在第一天做完测试后直到第二天早上9点都不能睡觉，但是第二天可以补觉。这组被试在第三天的测试中，三天内的总睡眠量并没有比控制组少，但isi的下降程度明显更少。
后续：
Performance on this task, as measured at the end of a wake interval subsequent to the end of the training session, generally shows no improvement (Stickgold et al. 2000a), and, more important, appears to decrease with further practice unless a 30-minute nap is allowed, in which case further decay is stopped (Mednick et al. 2002). Interestingly, performance reverts to the initial levels after a longer (60-minute) nap (Mednick et al. 2002). Actual improvement is observed only after a night of sleep (Gais et al. 2000; Stickgold et al. 2000a; 2000b) or after a longer, 90-minute nap (Mednicket al. 2003), both characterized by the orderly succession of SWS and REM periods.
Because performance actually decreases across repetitions separated by wake intervals, one
would tend to think that the perceptual memory trace was in fact not at all stabilized during wakefulness. On the contrary, the fact that performance only stabilizes after a nap suggests that memory stabilization takes place during the initial period of sleep, which is dominated by SWS.
——摘自Filling one gap by creating another: Memory stabilization is not all-or-nothing, either
Mednick, S. C., Nakayama, K., Cantero, J. L., Atienza, M., Levin, A. A., Pathak, N., & Stickgold, R. (2002). The restorative effect of naps on perceptual deterioration. Nature neuroscience, 5(7), 677-681.
同一天练习太多isi还会增加，除非睡一会儿。
McGovern, D. P., Webb, B. S., & Peirce, J. W. (2012). Transfer of perceptual learning between different visual tasks. Journal of vision, 12(11), 4-4.
有人认为感觉学习是stimulus或是task specific的，这意味着一定要反复做同一个task才能得到提升。但是这篇文章发现三种visual discrimination task之间是存在迁移的。
Amar-Halpert, R., Laor-Maayany, R., Nemni, S., Rosenblatt, J. D., & Censor, N. (2017). Memory reactivation improves visual perception. Nature neuroscience, 20(10), 1325.
结论：
- Reactivation和full practice没差别
- Reactivation比空白组更好
- Far threshold reactivation也很好
- 只在第二天激活3次没用
- 第一天没充分学习是没用的
- Reactivation和full practice遗忘的程度差不多
review 合集
Walker, M. P. (2005). A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation. Behavioral and brain sciences, 28(1), 51-64.
测量记忆强度的指标和范式
Rutishauser, U., Ross, I. B., Mamelak, A. N., & Schuman, E. M. (2010). Human memory strength is predicted by theta-frequency phase-locking of single neurons. Nature, 464(7290), 903-907.
