business activities
operating activities: undertaken in a firm's ordinary course of business
- producing, selling goods and services
investing activities: buying or selling long-term assets
- machinery, land
financing activities
- issuing debt, redeeming debt, issuing common stock, repurchasing common stock, paying cash dividends
accounts
chart of accounts 会计科目表
contra accounts 抵销账户 (accumulated depreciation)
assets 资产
cash and cash equivalents 现金与现金等价物 (90days)
accounts receivable 应收账款
inventory 存货
financial assets 金融资产
prepaid expenses 预付费用
property, plant, and equipment (PP&E) 财产，厂房和设备（该项包括抵销账户）
investment in affiliates 对联营公司的投资
deferred tax assets 递延所得税资产
intangible assets (eg: patents, trademarks, licenses, goodwill) 无形资产（除商誉外累计摊销）
liabilities 负债
accounts payable & trade payable 应付账款
financial liabilities 金融负债
unearned revenue 预收收入
income taxes payable 应付所得税
long-term debt 长期负债
deferred tax liabilities 递延所得税负债
owners' equity 所有者权益
capital 资本
additional paid-in capital 追加股本
retained earnings 留存收益
other comprehensive income 其他综合损益 eg: 汇率、养老津贴、未实现损益
revenue 收益
sales 销售额 日常经营所得
gains 附带在日常经营之外的资产增加
investment income 投资收入（股利、利息）
expense 支出
cost of goods sold 销售成本COGS
selling, general, and administrative expenses eg: advertising, management salaries, rent, utilities
depreciation and amortization 折旧与摊销
tax expense 税收支出
Interest expense 利息支出
losses 附带在日常经营之外的资产减少
会计等式
basic accounting equation: assets = liabilities + owner's equity
expanded accounting equation: assets = liabilities + contributed capital + ending retained earnings
assets = liabilities + contributed capital + beginning retained earnings
+ revenue - expenses - dividends
double-entry accounting: a transaction has to be recorded in at least two accounts
valuation adjustment 估值调整 计入other comprehensive income
accrual accounting 权责发生制
unearned revenue 预收收入
- receive cash: cash increases and unearned revenue increases
- provide good or service: revenue increases and the liability decreases
accrued revenue 应计收入
- provide good or service: revenue increases and accounts receivable increases
- receive cash: accounts receivable decreases
prepaid expenses 预付支出
- pay cash: cash decreases and prepaid expense increases
- incur expense: prepaid expense decreases and expenses increase
accrued expenses 应付支出
- incur expense: expenses increase and accrued expenses increases
- pay cash: accrued expenses decreases
accounting system
- journal entries 日记账分录 general journal 普通日记账 后者是前者按日的list
- general ledger 总分类账簿 按照会计名目对general journal的分类
- initial trial balance 初步试算表 adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表
- financial statement 财务报表
