因子是用于对数据进行分类并将其存储为级别的数据对象。 它们可以存储字符串和整数。 它们在具有有限数量的唯一值的列中很有用。 像“男性”，“女性”和True，False等。它们在统计建模的数据分析中很有用。
使用factor()函数通过将向量作为输入创建因子。
例

Create a vector as input.

data <- c("East","West","East","North","North","East","West","West","West","East","North")

print(data)
print(is.factor(data))

Apply the factor function.

factor_data <- factor(data)

print(factor_data)
print(is.factor(factor_data))
当我们执行上面的代码，它产生以下结果 -
[1] "East" "West" "East" "North" "North" "East" "West" "West" "West" "East" "North"
[1] FALSE
[1] East West East North North East West West West East North
Levels: East North West
[1] TRUE
数据帧的因子

在创建具有文本数据列的任何数据框时，R语言将文本列视为分类数据并在其上创建因子。

Create the vectors for data frame.

height <- c(132,151,162,139,166,147,122)
weight <- c(48,49,66,53,67,52,40)
gender <- c("male","male","female","female","male","female","male")

Create the data frame.

input_data <- data.frame(height,weight,gender)
print(input_data)

Test if the gender column is a factor.

print(is.factor(input_data$gender))

Print the gender column so see the levels.

print(input_data$gender)
当我们执行上面的代码，它产生以下结果 -
height weight gender
1 132 48 male
2 151 49 male
3 162 66 female
4 139 53 female
5 166 67 male
6 147 52 female
7 122 40 male
[1] TRUE
[1] male male female female male female male
Levels: female male
更改级别顺序

可以通过使用新的等级次序再次应用因子函数来改变因子中的等级的顺序。
data <- c("East","West","East","North","North","East","West","West","West","East","North")

Create the factors

factor_data <- factor(data)
print(factor_data)

Apply the factor function with required order of the level.

new_order_data <- factor(factor_data,levels = c("East","West","North"))
print(new_order_data)
当我们执行上面的代码，它产生以下结果 -
[1] East West East North North East West West West East North
Levels: East North West
[1] East West East North North East West West West East North
Levels: East West North
生成因子级别

我们可以使用gl()函数生成因子级别。 它需要两个整数作为输入，指示每个级别有多少级别和多少次。
语法

gl(n, k, labels)
以下是所使用的参数的说明 -
n是给出级数的整数。
k是给出复制数目的整数。
labels是所得因子水平的标签向量。
例

v <- gl(3, 4, labels = c("Tampa", "Seattle","Boston"))
print(v)
当我们执行上面的代码，它产生以下结果 -
Tampa Tampa Tampa Tampa Seattle Seattle Seattle Seattle Boston
[10] Boston Boston Boston
Levels: Tampa Seattle Boston