一、含义
英语最基本的语序是主语在前,谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调,就要采用倒装形式。把谓语动词的全部或一部分移到主语前。
二、分类
倒装句分为完全倒装和部分倒装
1)完全倒装:把谓语动词的全部移至主语前,一般指用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
①There be(有)句型
②当句首状语为方位词(here,there,up,down,in,out,now,then,off,away)和拟声词,谓语动词为come,go等表示位置转移的词
here is your book.
注:如果主语是代词,不用倒装。
Here you are.
③当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组
In this chapter will be found a partial answer.
④强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡
倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”:
a.形容词+连系动词+主语
Present at the meeting were Mr Li, Mr Wang and many other teachers.
出席会议的有李老师、王老师和其他很多老师.
b.过去分词+连系动词+主语
Gone are the days when we used foreign oil.
我们使用洋油的日子一去不复返了.
c.介词短语+ be +主语
Among the goods are books, exercise-books, pens and some other things.
在所有的货物中有书、练习册、钢笔和其他东西.
2)部分倒装
①当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时never,hardly,scarely,seldom,little,not,
no more,nowhere else,no sooner,not only,not until,neither...nor等
注:a.当not until…位于句首时,其后的主句要用倒装语序
Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才离开这房间。
b.not only...but also前倒后不倒
c.neither...nor前后都倒装
②only+状语”位于句首时的倒装
当一个状语受副词only的修饰且置于句首时,其后用部分倒装语序,若only后不是状语则不能倒装:
Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那时他才意识到他错了。(only+副词)
Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。(only+介词词组)
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。(only+状语分句)
③so...that,such...that句型中的so和such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒装后不倒装
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
So much does he worry about his financial position that he can't sleep at night.
④在以so开头的句子中,使用倒装句式可以使所表达的意思更趋简洁,其汉语意思为“也”。He can ride a bike, and so can I. 他会骑自行车,我也会。
She saw it, and so did I. 她看见了,我也看见了。
注意:如果前句的谓语动词是实义动词,倒装结构中用助动词do,does或did;如果前句的谓语中含有be动词、助动词或情态动词,倒装结构中则要根据其主语使用相应的动词。例如:
He can do it, and so can I. 他能做到,我也能做到。
He is working hard, and so are we. 他在努力工作,我们也在努力工作。
有时so可以表示对前句内容的进一步肯定,意思相当于“是的;的确如此”,此时不可使用倒装结构。例如:
They will have a good time this evening. 他们今晚会玩得很愉快。
—So they will. 的确如此。
⑤在以neither/ nor开头的句子中,常常使用倒装句式,表示“也不”。
Tom didn’t watch TV last night. Neither/ Nor did I. 汤姆昨晚没看电视,我也没看。
They haven’t been to Australia. Neither/ Nor have I. 他们没去过澳大利亚,我也没去过。
⑥as引导让步状语从句时,从句需采用倒装结构,这时往往把动词、形容词、名词、副词或分词提到主语之前。结构为:名词(不加冠词)/形容词/副词/动词/分词+ as +主语+谓语。
Young as he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他很年轻,但是他知道很多。
Surrounded as we were by the enemy, we managed to fight our way out. 尽管被敌人包围了,我们还是设法冲了出来。
⑦用于省略if的虚拟条件句
Were I you,Iwould not do it in that way