2. 代词在句中的用法和解析
2.1 代词在句中的用法
代词拥有名词用法中的除了目的状语的所有用法；但是，代词分类中有一种词——关系词(relative)，它有一个明显区别于名词的职责，即起连接作用(connective)的职责：
I. 充当主语(subject)：例如——
(1) I know a bank whereon the wild thyme grows. (我知道有一条河岸边长着野生百里香。)
(2) We looked on him as he lay wounded on the ground. (他受伤了躺在地上，我们看着他。)
(3) Some murmur when their sky is clear. (有些人在天空晴朗时喃喃自语。)
II. 使用所有格(possessive)。例如——
(1) He knows his rights. (他知道他的权益。)
(2) Whose is this image and superscription? (这张图片和题头是谁的？)
(3) Some murmur when their sky is clear. (有些人在天空晴朗时喃喃自语。)
III. 充当动词的宾语(object)。例如——
(1) Take her up tenderly. (温柔地把她抱起来。)
(2) He taught you how you might conquer them. (他教你如何战胜他们。)
(3) Who do you mean？What are you doing? (你指的是谁？你在做什么？)
IV. 充当动词的间接宾语(object)。例如——
(1) Tell him not to vex her. (告诉他别去烦她。)
(2) The master gave them one dollar each. (主人给了他们每人一美元。)
V. 用作短语——充当前置词的宾语。例如——
(1) To whom much is gave，of them much is required. (给了他很多，其中很多是必须品。)
(2) With malice toward none，with charity for all. (对人毫无恶意，对所有人施与仁慈s。)
VI. 充当谓语主格(predicate nominative)。例如——
(1) It is I，be not afraid. (是我，不要害怕。)
(2) Those lips are thine. (那双唇是你的。)
(3) Who say ye that I am. (你们说我是谁？)
VII. 充当同位语(appositive)。例如——
We all do fade as a flower. (我们要像鲜花一样凋谢。)
注意，这种结构很少见。
VIII. 充当独立主格(nominative independent)或绝对主格(nominative absolute)。例如——
(1) O thou that rollest above，round as the shield of my fathers.
你高高在上(指“太阳”)，围着我列祖的盾牌。(独立主格)
(2) We being mounted，the cavalcade advanced. (绝对主格)
我们上马后，骑兵继续前进。
IX. 充当连词 (connective)。——关系代词用于连接依赖主题，即使用关系代词在句子的主体中引入一些词或词组。例如——
(1) Longfellow is the poet who wrote “Evangeline”.
Longfellow是一位诗人，他写了“Evangeline”这首诗。
句子“Longfellow is the poet”是主句，“who wrote ‘Evangeline’”是从句，关系词“who”将从句和先行词“poet”连接在一起。
(2) I had a dream which was not all a dream.
我有一个梦想，这并非完全是一个梦。
which引入带有先行词“dream”的从句，
(3) Solomon was the wisest man that ever lived.
Solomon是世上最聪明的人。
that引入带有先行词“man”的从句。
关系词“what”——关系词what通常解析为that which，然后按照它们在句中的作用处理。但是，一般倾向于将what本身解析为动词的主语，或者动词(或前置词)的宾语，然后，将what引入的句子当成一个整体对待。当what简单地用作who的中性的时候，它的先行词that可以忽略。因此，在who在句子“Who steals my purse steals my trash”中的功能和what在句子“What is done cannot be undone”中的功能几乎一样。
2.2 代词在句中的解析
I. 作为关系代词，需要解析的内容包括——
(1) 关系代词的分类。
(2) 先行词(antecedent)：名词，或者与其相当的代词，等等。
(3) 人称(Person)：第一人称，第二人称，第三人称。
(4) 性(Gender)：阳性(masculine),阴性(feminine)，或中性(neuter)。
(5) 数(Number)：单数(singular)或复数(plural)。
(6) 格(Case)：主格(nominative)，属格(possessive)，或宾格(objective)。
(7) 具体用法。
II. 疑问代词用法与解析
需解析的内容：
(1) 分类。
(2) 性(Gender)：阳性(masculine),阴性(feminine)，或中性(neuter) (按照回答名词问题的性确定)。
(3) 数(Number)：单数(singular)或复数(plural)。
(4) 格(Case)：主格(nominative)，属格(possessive)，或宾格(objective)。
(5) 具体用法。
解析模型示例：
(1) Who steals my purse steals trash :'tis something, nothing一
‘T was mine,'tis his, and has been slave to thousands.
But he that filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which not enriches him,
And makes me poor indeed.
who………………第三人称关系代词(专门用于先行词)，单数，男性，主格——动词“steals”的主语。
it………………(“’tis”中缩写为“’t”，即it is缩写为’tis)人称代词，第三人称单数，单数，中性，主格——动词“is”的主语。
it………………(在“’twas”中缩写为“’tis”中解析同上。)
mine………..代词性质的形容词(pronominal adjective，)(所有格，或者简单地称为所有格代词(possessive pronoun))，男性，主格——不及物动词“was”之后的谓语主格。
his…………….和mine类似
he………………第三人称代词，单数，男性，主格——动词“robs”的主语。
that……………第三人称关系代词，先行词“he”，男性，主格——动词“filches”的主语。
me………………第三人称代词，单数，男性，宾格——依赖前置词“from”(作为人称讲，本段落来自莎士比亚戏剧Othello，是一个男子，代词me是男性。)
me………………第一人称代词，单数，男性，宾格——动词“robs”的宾语。
that………………代词形容词(简单称为指示代词)，第三人称单数，中性，宾语——依赖前置词“of。”
which………………关系代词，先行词“that”，第三人称单数，中性，主格——动词“enriches”的主语。
him………………人称代词，先行词“that”，第三人称单数，男性，宾格——动词“enriches”的宾语。
me………………人称代词，第三人称单数，男性，宾格——动词“makes”的宾语。
(2) The messager himself revealed the treachery. (信使本人揭露了这一背叛行为。)
himselft………………复合人称代词，第三人称单数，男性，主格——名词“messager”的同位语。
(3) O Thou(The sun) that rollest above，round as the shield of my fathers.
(你高高在上，围着我列祖的盾牌。)
thou………………人称代词(早期现代英语)，第二人称单数，（男性），主格——独立主格。
that………………关系代词，先行词“Thou”，第二人称单数，(男性)，主格——动词“rollest”的主语。
(4) I shall not lag behind, nor err，
The way，thou leading.
I………………人称代词，第一人称单数，（性不确定），主格——动词“shall lag”的主语。
Thou…………人称代词，第二人称单数，（性不确定），主格——绝对主格。
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从词源角度解析下列句子中斜体部分的代词：
1. We can show you where he lies.—Scott.
2. Surely, said I, man is but a ehadow, and life a dream.—Addison.
3. Each thought on the woman who loved him best.—Kingsley.
4. I could hear my friend chide him for not finding out some work; but at the same time saw him put his hand in his pocket and give him ssixpence.—Spectator.
5. Not to know me argues yourself unknown.——Milton.
6. Teach me thy statutes.—Bible.
7. There taught us how to live, and (oh! too high The price for knowledge) taught us how to die. —Tickell.
8. Methought my request was heard, for it seemed to me as though the stains of manhood were passing from me, and I were relapsing into the purity nnd simplicity of childhood.—Lamb.
9. I know not what course others may take; but as for me，give me liberty or give me death.—Patrick Henry.
10. Who was the thane lives yet. —Shakespeare.
11. What in me is dark，illumine; what is low, raise and support.—Milton.
12. I had a dream which was not all a drenm.—Byron.
13. Ah! little they think who delight in the strains,
How the heart of the minstrel is brenklng.—Moore.
14. Oh that those lips hnd language! Life has passed
With me but roughly since I heard thee last.
Those lips are thine, —thy own sweet smile I see,
The same that oft in childhood solaced me.—Couper.
15. Who would fardels bear? —Shakespeare.
16. Roll on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean, roll !——Byron.
17. Those who came to laugh remained to pray. —Goldsmith.
18. We two set upon you four.—Shakespeare.
19. Eugland herself will sooner treat for peace with us on a footing of independcnce.—John Adams．
20. O ye Romans, you are poor slaves. —Shakespeare.
21. What do you mean, you blockhead?
22. On these and kindred thoughts intent I lay
In silence musing by my comrade's side,
He [being] also silent.—Wordsworth.
23. Thou away, the very birds are mute. —Shakespeare.
24. God from the Mount of Sinai, whose gray top
Shall tremble, he descending, will himself
Ordain them laws. —Milton.
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
