4. 动词在句中的用法和解析
就动词在句中的用法而言，动词可以分为两类：限定动词(finite)和非限定动词(verbals)，或称为谓语动词和非谓语动词。
4.1. 限定性动词(谓语动词)的解析——解析限定动词在人称和数上与其主语保持一致(动词在语法规则上与主语的人称和数的一致性：在这儿介绍，是很有必要的，由于英语动词人称词尾的缺泛，动词的人称和数，通常仅通过主语的人称和数决定)，词源的内容有如下：
(1) 动词的词形变化——规则动词和不规则动词。
(2) 动词的分类——及动词和不及物动词。
(3) 动词的语态——主动和被动。
(4) 动词的语气——陈述，可能，虚拟，或祈使。
(5) 动词的时态——当前，过去，将来，等等。
(6) 动词的人称和数——按照主语的人称和数，第一人称，第二人称，第三人称，单数和复数。
解析模型示例：
(1) Tell me not in mournful numbers
Lift is but an empty dream.
tell……………………………不规则及物动词，主动语态，祈使语气，第二人称，单数，可理解为其主语是you，所以，其与主语保持一致。
is……………………………不规则不及物动词，陈述语气，当前时态，第三人称，单数，与其主语“life”一致。
(2) The boast of heraldry,the pomp of power，
And all that beauty,all that wealth e’er gage，(注：e’er=ever)
Await alike th’ inevitable hour. (注：th’=the)
gave……………………………不规则及物动词，主动语态，陈述语气，过去时态，第三人称，单数，与主语“wealth”一致。
await……………………………规则及物动词，主动语态，陈述语气，当前时态，第三人称，复数，与主语“boast”,“pomp”,“all”一致。
lead……………………………不规则不及物动词，陈述语气，当前时态，第三人称，复数，与主语“path”一致。
(3) I do believe that the lad was telling the truth.
do believe………………………规则及物动词，强调格式，主动语态，陈述语气，当前时态，第一人称，单数，与主语“I”一致。
was telling…………………..不规则及物动词，进行时格式，陈述语气，过去时态，第三人称，单数，与其主语“lad”一致。
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从词源角度解析下列斜体部分的动词：
1. When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.—Declaration of Independence.
2. Then shrieked the timid.—Byron.
3. The grave is the ordeal of true affection.—W. Irving.
4. So hard a winter had [not] been known for years.—Milman.
5. When that the poor have cried Cæsar hath wept.—Shakespeare.
6. Each thought on the woman who loved him best.—Kingsley.
7. Don't flatter (解析为do flatter) it yourselves that friendship authorizes you to say disagreeable things to your intimates. On the contrary, the nearer you come into relation with a person, the more necessary do [tact and courtesy] become. Except in cases of necessity, which are rare, leave your friend to learn unpleasant truths from his enemies; they are ready enough to tell them. Good - breeding never forgets that self-love is universal. When you read the story of the Archlbishop and Gil Blas, you may laugh, if you will，at the poor old man's delusion; but don't forget that the youth was the greater fool of the two, and that his master served such a booby rightly in turning him out of doors.—Oliver Wendell Holmes.
8. Holy and heavenly thoughts shall counsel her.—Shakspeare.
9. Then rose from sea to sky the wild farewell. —Byron.
10. The better part of valor is discretion. —Shakspeare.
11. At this sultry noontide, I am cupbearer to the parched populace, for whose benefit an iron goblet is chained to my waist. Like a dramseller on the mall, at muster-day, I cry aloud to all and sundry, in my plainest accents, and at the very tiptop of my voice, Here it is，gentlemen! Here is the good liquor! Walk up, walk up, gentlemen;walk up, walk up !—Hawthorne.
12. The public opinion of the civilized world is[rapidly] gaining an ascendency over mere brute force. It may be silenced by military power, but it can [not] be conquered—Webster.
13. In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold,Alike fantastic if too new or old;
Be not the first by whom the new is tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside.—Pope.
4.2. 非限定性动词(非谓语动词)的解析
非限定性动词分为两种：不限定性格式(带to的不限定性动词和动名词)和分词。
I. 带to的不限定性动词可以充当的词汇：
(1) 可以充当名词，当充当名词时，带to不定式可以用于——
a. 动词的主语：例如,“To walk [或walking] is heathy.”
b. 及物动词的宾语：例如，“I like to walk [或walking] .”
(2) 可以充当形容词，当充当形容词时，带to不定式可以用于——
a. 作为被动动词或不及物动词的补语：例如——“He appeared to comply；” “Your mistake is to be deplored”(=deplorable)；“He is to blame”(=blameworthy)。
b. 作为与名词关联的属性形容词：例如——“Water to drink；”“Water to drink”(=drinking-water；这儿，drinking是动名词)；“A time to laugh；” “Permission to speak；”
(3) 可以充当副词，修饰动词或另一个形容词：例如——
a. I have come to see you.
b. I am sorry to hear this.
II. ing格式(动名词)不限定性动词可以充当的词汇：可以作为前置词的宾语，从而组成形容词短语，或者非谓语动词短语：例如——
a. Benjamin West had as a body a talent for painting.
b. Bees are skillful in building their hives.
c. By working hard we improve.
解析不定式时，需要指出下列内容：
(1) 指出其分类——是普通的不定式，还是动名词。
(2) 是简单式还是复合式。
(3) 其用途：充当名词，形容词，还是副词。
解析模型示例：
(1) To learn is a task indeed.
to learn…………….简单不定式，名词，作为动词“is”的主语。
(2) Talking overmuch is a sign of vanity.
talking…………….动词talk的简单动名词，名词，作为动词“is”的主语。
(3) A miser is to be pited.
to be pited……………简单不定式，用作动词“is”的形容词补语，与主语“miser”关联。
(4) We are all striving to secure happiness.
to secure……………简单不定式，用作副词，修饰动词“are striving”(“Are driving to secure”=striving for the purpose of securing)。
(5) We are happy in doing our duty.
doing……………动词do的简单动名词，用作名词，依赖前置词“in”。
(6) ‘Tis better to have loved and [to have] lost than never to have loved at all.
(‘Tis=It is)
to have loved……………复合不定式，用作名词，动词“is”的主语。
to have lost……………….复合不定式，用作名词，动词“is”的主语。
III. 分词格式充当的词汇
分词是属性词汇，可以像形容词一样解析，修饰与在含义上与其关联的名词或代词。
解析模型示例：
(1) The farmer sat in his easy-chair，
Smoking his pipe of clay.
(那个农夫坐在他的简便椅上，抽着他的陶土烟斗。)
(2) His head，bent down,on her soft hair lay；
Fast asleep were they both on that summary day.
smoking…………….规则及物动词“smoke”的当前分词主动语态，修饰名词“farmer”。
bent…………….不规则及物动词“bend”的过去分词被动语态，修饰名词“head”。
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从词源角度解析下列斜体部分的不定式动词和分词：
1. To be virtuous is to be happy.
2. Seeing is believing.
3. I remember to have have seen Wllliam at the Rink.
4. Philosophy teaches us to endure afflictions.
5. Learn to labor and to wait.
6. It is painful to see，an animal suffering.
7. His having failed is not surprising.
8. I recommended turning a new leaf.
9. Throwing their muskets aside, the soldiers rushed on the foe.
10. Born to a crown, Louie XVI. died on the scaffold.
11. They wish to turn him from keeping bad company.
12. What we always put off doing,
Clearly we shall never do.
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
