一、前言
Python语法简单，大多数情况下，根据单词的意思就可以猜测出程序的功能。
在介绍Python语法之前，先看一些Pyhton代码的案例，这些案例都很简单，可以在PyChram中运行。
打开PyCharm，我们直接新建一个Python文件（右键工程文件夹(pythonProject)-->New-->Python File）
新建Python文件
然后弹出窗口，给文件命名，这里命名为test，按回车创建。
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于是工程文件夹下就多了一个test.py文件，我们就在这里写代码。
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编写完成后，右键test.py，点击运行（Run）。
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二、从一行代码开始运行Python程序
代码来自：https://wiki.python.org/moin/SimplePrograms
1行：输出信息
代码：
print('Hello, world!')
运行结果：
Hello, world!
2行：输入信息
代码：
name = input('What is your name?\n')
print ('Hi, %s.' % name)
运行后，PyCharm下面的控制台会打印提示消息，What is your name?
我们点一下这句话的下面，然后就可以输入名字了。
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image8.png
(输入完，按回车表示输入结束)
程序得到信息，并将该信息输出：
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3行：for循环
代码：
friends = ['john', 'pat', 'gary', 'michael']
for i, name in enumerate(friends):
print(f"friend {i} is {name}")
运行结果：
friend 0 is john
friend 1 is pat
friend 2 is gary
friend 3 is michael
4行：实现斐波那契数
代码：
parents, babies = (1, 1)
while babies < 100:
print(f'This generation has {babies} babies')
parents, babies = (babies, parents + babies)
运行结果：
This generation has 1 babies
This generation has 2 babies
This generation has 3 babies
This generation has 5 babies
This generation has 8 babies
This generation has 13 babies
This generation has 21 babies
This generation has 34 babies
This generation has 55 babies
This generation has 89 babies
5行：函数（Functions）
代码：
def greet(name):
print('Hello', name)
greet('Jack')
greet('Jill')
greet('Bob')
运行结果：
Hello Jack
Hello Jill
Hello Bob
6行：导入库，使用库的函数进行字符串匹配。
代码：
import re
for test_string in ['555-1212', 'ILL-EGAL']:
if re.match(r'^\d{3}-\d{4}$', test_string):
print(test_string, 'is a valid US local phone number')
else:
print(test_string, 'rejected')
运行结果：
555-1212 is a valid US local phone number
ILL-EGAL rejected
7行：字典，生成器表达式
代码：
prices = {'apple': 0.40, 'banana': 0.50}
my_purchase = {
'apple': 1,
'banana': 6}
grocery_bill = sum(prices[fruit] * my_purchase[fruit]
for fruit in my_purchase)
print(f'I owe the grocer {grocery_bill:.2f}$')
运行结果：
I owe the grocer 3.40$
8行：从命令行读入。程序实现了一个加法器
# This program adds up integers that have been passed as arguments in the command line
import sys
try:
total = sum(int(arg) for arg in sys.argv[1:])
print ('sum =', total)
except ValueError:
print ('Please supply integer arguments')为什么只有7行呢，因为第8行在命令行中输入：
在命令行中输入：
python test.py 1 2 3 4
点击下面的Terminal，进入命令行，输入代码。执行test.py程序。
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9行（#开头的注释不算，11-2=9）：读取文件
代码：
# indent your Python code to put into an email
import glob
# glob supports Unix style pathname extensions
python_files = glob.glob('*.py')
for file_name in sorted(python_files):
print(' ------' + file_name)
with open(file_name) as f:
for line in f:
print(' ' + line.rstrip())
print()
运行结果：
输出了该目录下py文件内容。
10行：获取当前时间（不算activities及其上下空格，activities相当于是数据）
代码：
from time import localtime
activities = {8: 'Sleeping',
9: 'Commuting',
17: 'Working',
18: 'Commuting',
20: 'Eating',
22: 'Resting' }
time_now = localtime()
hour = time_now.tm_hour
for activity_time in sorted(activities.keys()):
if hour < activity_time:
print (activities[activity_time])
break
else:
print ('Unknown, AFK or sleeping!')
运行结果：
我运行的时间是上午10:42，所以对应的是：
Working
11行：三引号字符串，while循环
代码：
REFRAIN = '''
%d bottles of beer on the wall,
%d bottles of beer,
take one down, pass it around,
%d bottles of beer on the wall!
'''
bottles_of_beer = 9
while bottles_of_beer > 1:
print(REFRAIN % (bottles_of_beer, bottles_of_beer,
bottles_of_beer - 1))
bottles_of_beer -= 1
运行结果：
每次句子中的bottles_of_beer减一。
12行：类。创建一个银行账户，进行存钱取钱。
代码：
class BankAccount(object):
def __init__(self, initial_balance=0):
self.balance = initial_balance
def deposit(self, amount):
self.balance += amount
def withdraw(self, amount):
self.balance -= amount
def overdrawn(self):
return self.balance < 0
my_account = BankAccount(15)
my_account.withdraw(50)
print (my_account.balance, my_account.overdrawn()):
运行结果：
-35 True
13行：使用unittest进行单元测试（Unit testing）。下面代码测试了一个取中位数的功能median。
self.assertEqual(median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8]), 7)语句，是判断函数median的结果是否和预期结果7相同。
代码：
import unittest
def median(pool):
copy = sorted(pool)
size = len(copy)
if size % 2 == 1:
return copy[int((size - 1) / 2)]
else:
return (copy[int(size/2 - 1)] + copy[int(size/2)]) / 2
class TestMedian(unittest.TestCase):
def testMedian(self):
self.assertEqual(median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8]), 7)
if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()
运行结果：
D:/PY_TEST/pythonProject/test.py
Testing started at 10:49 ...
Launching unittests with arguments python -m unittest D:/PY_TEST/pythonProject/test.py in D:\PY_TEST\pythonProject
Ran 1 test in 0.002s
OK
14行：文档测试（ Doctest-based testing）
def median(pool):
'''Statistical median to demonstrate doctest.
>>> median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8])
6 #change to 7 in order to pass the test
'''
copy = sorted(pool)
size = len(copy)
if size % 2 == 1:
return copy[int((size - 1) / 2)]
else:
return (copy[int(size/2 - 1)] + copy[int(size/2)]) / 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
运行结果：错误，预期 6 #change to 7 in order to pass the test，得到值7。
Failure
<Click to see difference>
**********************************************************************
File "D:\PY_TEST/pythonProject\test.py", line 3, in test.median
Failed example:
median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8])
Expected:
6 #change to 7 in order to pass the test
Got:
7
说明文档错误，修改代码第4行：
def median(pool):
'''Statistical median to demonstrate doctest.
>>> median([2, 9, 9, 7, 9, 2, 4, 5, 8])
7
'''
copy = sorted(pool)
size = len(copy)
if size % 2 == 1:
return copy[int((size - 1) / 2)]
else:
return (copy[int(size/2 - 1)] + copy[int(size/2)]) / 2
if __name__ == '__main__':
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
运行结果：没有错误，表示通过。
Testing started at 10:57 ...
Process finished with exit code 0
