英國廣播公司電視紀錄片《猿與人》（ape-man）目錄
第4集 原始的愛（Love）
人類的獨特情感是何時出現在我們的祖先中的？在超過200萬年的時間裏，原始人類——人體的猿類——遊蕩在非洲和亞洲的熱帶大陸。但是他們是什麼時候，怎樣進入寒冷的，充滿敵意的北方的：歐洲？當他們到達那裏時，他們需要什麼新的力量？在這一集中記錄電影重建了40萬年前早期歐洲人孤獨死亡的悲慘境遇。此外，在意大利、英國、西班牙和德國的一系列發現中，科學家們匯集了一些證據來解釋歐洲是如何突然和決定性地被殖民化的。這個實驗揭示了我們進化的一個重要的轉折點，當人類的友誼、信任和愛的情感產生的時候。
150萬年前一種生物逐漸進化，它貌似人類但仍然擁有猿的思維，這種生物被稱作直立人，他在非洲的熱帶地區和亞洲繁衍生息了幾百萬年，卻從未進過歐洲。
意大利阿爾塔穆拉喇嘛倫卡岩洞
在意大利的一個山坡下，科學家們發現一個與我們史前時代相聯系的特別的新環節，它使我們回顧遠古的世界。
她們發現了被稱為“阿爾塔穆拉頭蓋骨（Altamura skull）”，還有完整的骨架骨頭，距今有50萬年之久。古人類學家萊斯利·艾洛（Paleoanthropologist Leslie Aiello）：“他不是直立人，他可能是屬於一種早起的人的類型，稱為海德爾堡人（Heidelberg man），而海德爾堡人確實非常罕見。關於阿爾塔穆拉人令人興奮的是我們擁有一具完整的骨架。”
海德堡人是在60萬到20萬年前生活在非洲、歐洲和西亞的一種滅絕物種。這個物種的頭骨與直立人和解剖學上的現代智人有共同的特征；它的大腦幾乎和智人一樣大。盡管第一個發現是在1908年在德國海德堡附近進行的，它是由奧圖·蕭頓薩克（Otto Schoetensack）所描述和命名的，但是在1996年之後發現了絕大多數海德堡人的化石。尼安德特人、丹尼索瓦人以及現代人都被認為是70萬年前出現在非洲的海德堡人的後裔。在埃塞俄比亞、納米比亞和南非已經發現了化石。大約50萬年前，一群海德堡人通過未知的路線遷移到歐洲和西亞，最終演化成尼安德特人。另一群海德堡人冒險向東進軍亞洲大陸，並進化成丹尼索瓦人。在非洲仍然存在的海德堡人的人口在30萬到20萬年前演化為具有解剖學意義的現代人類，然後在12萬5千到6萬年前的某個時間點進入了歐洲和亞洲。
在我們的進化史上最初的人類先祖到達歐洲是一個轉折關頭。
德國比利曾斯勒本挖掘現場
科學家們已經發現具有人類活動特性的證據，幾乎有50萬年之久，但最能說明問題的發現不是來自於這些東西本身，而是來自於他們被發現時所處的方位，他們組合在一起形成奇怪的圓形圖案。考古學家認為邊緣有骨頭散布的圓形是小園屋的外形輪廓，他們發現了一種營地（Campsite）。
比利曾斯勒本營地已經揭示了這些大腦袋的早期人類的日常生活，根據營地生活的證據，考古學家們能夠描繪出這樣一個群體：在這個惡劣的環境中，通過組成一個團體而繁榮昌盛。閱讀大學史蒂文·米森博士（Dr Steven Mithen, University of reading）：“組織和安排好的骨頭和石頭，清楚地表明在那裏舉行過特別的活動。”
英格蘭伯克斯盧浮挖掘現場
在英格蘭南部考古學家發現了更多有關直立人活動的證據，這些證據可以追溯到50萬年前。挖掘出2萬多片的打火石，打火石是從石頭上切削下來的，這是一種人類從岩石上切削下來的石斧（stone axe）工具。倫敦大學的馬修·波普（Matthew Pope, University College London）：“這些證據向我們表明，我們從該地點發現的數萬片的打火石，是制造向手斧的石頭工具的生產場所。”
我們的祖先擁有了像石斧這樣的工具就可以殺死動物，由以腐肉為食的200萬年的曆史，現在有證據證明這個物種並非以其他動物吃剩下的動物屍體為食，某些新東西使海德堡人變為殺手。50多萬年前海德堡人就具有了與我們現代人差不多的大腦尺寸。
科學家們尋找確鑿的證據來證明海德堡爾人是如何對付歐洲凶猛的動物。史蒂文·米森博士研究了收藏在橫穿大陸的不同博物館地下室裏的工具，他注意到先祖早期制作的手斧樣式極其相似，但是當他研究歐洲的海德爾堡人制作的手斧時，他發現100萬年的完全一樣的工具就此結束。史蒂文·米森博士：“這是一個眾所周知的石頭工具，它是一種不同尋常的手斧，它很大雅致美麗。”這把手斧遠不是為了滿足純粹實用的需要，一個非同尋常的發現證實了工具不再是只是為了割肉，史蒂文·米森博士：“根本不可能是為了屠宰動物或者劈砍植物而有意制成，這裏有些新功能出現了。”
科學家們相信這是一件造出來給別人觀賞的，它為了解海德爾堡人的思維提供了線索。史蒂文·米森博士：“這個物種不僅知道它自己的想法，而且還知道群體中其它人的想象法，因為它設法交換它們的意見。”一件工具不再是工具，而是為了影響其它人的看法而制成的美麗的東西，是一個錯綜複雜的像人一樣有交流能力的證明。複雜性意味著海德爾堡人具有一種早期的語言形式。萊斯利·艾洛：“這會使它們實際上非常成功的利用了環境，因為它們能夠談論過去的經驗，並且在此基礎上計劃未來。”
德國舍寧根挖掘現場
漢諾威考古學家哈特穆特·蒂姆博士（Dr Hartmut Thieme, Archaeologist, Hanover）：“令人難以置信的是你的手中握住一支大約40萬年前的長矛。”考古學家發現了重約標槍的箭頭，已經發現了9個這樣的長矛，它們有2米多長，平穩地在空中飛行，類似現代的標槍。這些長矛是一種新智能的證物，顯示了人類有分工及有組織的捕獵活動，而且原始人懂得互相有效的溝通，這種代表著新智能能控制自然的智慧正迅地發展，因為這些美麗的武器是為了一個簡單的目的而制作的，即殺戮。
萊斯利·艾洛：“阿爾塔穆拉人最重要的關系毫無疑問是他的夥伴——女人，可能還有他們共同的孩子，都是他感到非常親近的人。有一種聯系，可能這種聯系涉及信任，一種忠誠、熱情甚至是愛的情感。這種情感起源於在化石記錄中某個地方，在阿爾塔穆拉人這裏我們擁有全部的要素。”第一個裝飾物的發現，表示了古代人懂得藉此增加自己的吸引力，是原始人二人家庭的開始，也許，這也是愛情的開始。
Episode 4 / Love
When did the uniquely human emotions emerge in our ancestors? For over 2 million years primitive hominids - apes in a human body - roamed the tropical continents of Africa and Asia. But when and how did they enter the cold, hostile north: Europe? And what new powers did they need when they got there? Thisfilm reconstructs the tragic circumstances surrounding the lonely death of one of the early Europeans, over 400,000 years ago. Also, in a series of discoveries in Italy, Britain, Spain and Germany, scientists have pieced together evidence to explain how Europe was suddenly and decisively colonised. This trial has uncovered a moment of transformation in our evolution, when the human feelings of friendship, trust and love came into being.（文字来源：BBC TWO Ape-Man）
A biological gradually evolved 1.5 million years ago, it looks like the human thinking, but still have apes this creature is called homo erectus, who thrive in tropical areas of Africa and Asia for millions of years, but never into Europe.
Lamalunga cave, Altamura, Italy
On a mountainside in Italy, scientists have discovered a special new link to our prehistoric times that reminds us of the ancient world.
They found what is known as the "altamura skull," and the complete skeleton, which was 500,000 years old. Paleoanthropologist Leslie Aiello: "He is not homo erectus, he may be a type of early riser, called the Homo heidelbergensis, and the Heidelberg man is indeed very rare. What is exciting about the altamura is that we have a complete skeleton."
Homo heidelbergensis is an extinct species of the genus Homo that lived in Africa, Europe and western Asia between 600,000 and 200,000 years ago. The skulls of this species share features with both Homo erectus and anatomically modern Homo sapiens; its brain was nearly as large as that of Homo sapiens. Although the first discovery – a mandible – was made in 1908 near Heidelberg in Germany where it was described and named by Otto Schoetensack, the vast majority of H. heidelbergensis fossils have been found after 1996. Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans are all considered to have descended from Homo heidelbergensis that appeared around 700,000 years ago in Africa. Fossils have been recovered in Ethiopia, Namibia and South Africa. Approximately 500,000 years ago a group of Homo heidelbergensis migrated into Europe and West Asia via yet unknown routes and eventually evolved into Neanderthals. Another Homo heidelbergensis group ventured eastwards into continental Asia and evolved into Denisovans. The Homo heidelbergensis (Homo rhodesiensis) population that remained in Africa evolved into anatomically modern humans between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago, then migrated into Europe and Asia in a second wave at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago.
The arrival of the first human ancestors in our evolutionary history was a turning point.
Bilzingsleben excavation, Germany
Scientists have found evidence of human activity characteristics, almost 500000 years, but the most telling not found from these things itself, but from they are are found, they are grouped together into a strange circle pattern. Archaeologists believe that the rounded edges of bones scattered around the edges of the small garden house have found a camp.
Boxgrove Excavation, England
Archaeologists in southern England have found more evidence of homo erectus, which dates back half a million years. More than 20,000 pieces of flint were dug, and the flint was cut from the stone, a tool that man had cut from the rock. Matthew Pope, University College London: "The evidence shows us that the tens of thousands of pieces of flint we found from the site were the site of production of stone tools for hand axes."
Our ancestors have tools can kill animals, such as stone axe by feeds on carrion 2 million years of history, now there is evidence to prove that the species is not feed on other animals to eat the rest of the animal body, some new things make homo heidelbergensis a killer. More than half a million years ago, the Heidelberg man had a brain size similar to ours.
The scientists looked for hard evidence to show how the Heidelberg men were able to deal with the fierce European animals. Dr Steven Mithen collection in
different museum basement of tools across the continent, he noticed that the patriarch early hand axe style extremely similar, but when he studied in Europe Heidelberg people make hand axe, he found that in 1 million ended the tools of exactly the same. Dr Steven Mithen: "it's a well-known stone tool. It's an unusual hand axe. It's very elegant and beautiful." This adae is not in order to meet the needs of a purely practical, an unusual findings confirmed that the tool is no longer just to cut meat, Dr Steven Mithen: "impossible is intentionally made for slaughtering animals or chopping plants, there are some new features appeared."
Scientists believe it was made to be seen by others, providing clues to the thinking of the Heidelberg people. Dr Steven Mithen: "this species not only knows its own ideas, but also knows how other people in the group imagine it, because it manages to exchange their opinions." A tool is no longer a tool, but a beautiful thing made to influence the opinions of others. It is a complex, human-like proof of communication. Complexity means that the Heidelberg people have an early form of language. Leslie Aiello: "it makes them actually very successful in using the environment because they can talk about past experience and plan for the future based on that."
Schoningen Excavation, Germany
Dr Hartmut Thieme, Archaeologist, Hanover: "The incredible thing is that you hold a spear about 400,000 years ago." Archaeologists have found nine such spears, which are about two metres long, and are flying smoothly in the air, similar to modern javelins. The spear is a kind of new smart evidence, shows the human has the division of labor and organized hunting activities, and the primitive know effective communication with each other, this represents a new smart can control nature's wisdom is developing quickly, because these beautiful weapons are made for the purpose of a simple, namely the killings.
Leslie Aiello: "the most important relationship between the altamura people is undoubtedly his partner -- the woman, maybe the children they share, the people he feels very close to. There is a connection, maybe this connection involves trust, a sense of loyalty, passion, even love. This emotion comes from somewhere in the fossil record, and in the altamura we have all the elements." The discovery of the first ornament shows that the ancient people know this to increase their appeal, which is the beginning of the family of the primitive man. Perhaps, this is also the beginning of love.
文字：《傑特遜工作室》(JENTSON STUDIO) 制作
視頻：《傑特遜工作室》(JENTSON STUDIO) 紀錄片數據庫BBC-5號
翻譯：趙永安
