格雷厄姆
投资者应该把市场行情想像成一位亲切的市场先生的报价,他是你私人生意中的合作伙伴。
市场先生从不失信,他每天定时出现并报出一个清晰的价格,然后由你决定是否按照这个价格买下他手中股份或者将你的股份卖给他。
虽然你们两人的生意可能存在某些稳定的经济特征,但市场先生的报价却是不可预测的。因为,这个可怜的家伙患有无法治愈的精神缺陷。
有时,他很高兴,只看到生意中有利的因素,他会制定很高的买卖价格,因为他担心你侵犯他的利益、夺走他的成果;
有时,他又很悲观,认为无论是生意还是世界等待人们的只有麻烦,他会制定很低的价格,因为他害怕你把自己的负担转嫁给他。
如果他的报价很低,你或许愿意买进;如果报价很高,你或许愿意将你的股份卖给他;又或者你也可以干脆对他的报价不予回应。
市场先生还有一个可爱的性格:他不在乎被你冷落。如果你今天对他的报价不感兴趣,他明天会再给你一个新的,交易与否完全由你决定。
很显然,他的狂躁抑郁症发作得越厉害,对你就越有利。
但是,你必须记住一个警告,否则无论做什么都是愚蠢的:市场先生只为你服务却不能指导你。对你有用的是他的钱包,而不是他的智慧。
如果他在某一天表现得特别愚蠢,你有权选择忽视他或利用他,但如果你受到他的影响,那将是一场灾难。
第五章 没人能跟对所有的行情,你笑到最后即可
本章金句
THE average ticker hound--or as they used to call him, tape-worm--goes wrong, I suspect, as much from over- specialisation as from anything else. It means a highly expensive inelasticity. After all, the game of speculation isn't all mathematics or set rules, however rigid the main laws may be. Even in my tape reading something enters that is more than mere arithmetic. There is what I call the behavior of a stock, actions that enable you to judge whether or not it is going to proceed in accordance with the precedents that your observation has noted. If a stock doesn't act right don't touch it; because, being unable to tell precisely what is wrong, you cannot tell which way it is going. No diagnosis, no prognosis. No prognosis, no profit.
在我看来,那些分时图迷,走入了误区,这就象过于专业化往往导致钻牛角尖一样,缺乏灵活性就会付出沉重代价。投资是一种艺术,股票投机尽管遵循一些主要的法则,但不仅仅只依赖数学或定理,甚至在我研读行情的时候,我所做的也不仅仅是计算,我更关心股票的行为举止,换句话说,我关注的是那些能使你判断市场是否与先例表现一致的证据,如果股票表现不妙,就不要碰它。如果找不出股票表现不妙的原因,当然你无法预知市场的方向。无法诊断,何以预测;不能预测,自然赚不到钱。
I should say that a chart helps those who can read it or rather who can assimilate what they read. The average chart reader, however, is apt to become obsessed with the notion that the dips and peaks and primary and secondary movements are all there is to stock speculation. If he pushes his confidence to its logical limit he is bound to go broke. There is an extremely able man, a formerpartner of a well-known Stock Exchange house, who is really a trained mathematician.
He is a graduate of a famous technical school. He devised charts based upon a very careful and minute study of the behaviour of prices in many markets--stocks, bonds, grain, cotton, money, and so on. He went back years and years and traced the correlations and seasonal movements-oh, everything.
He used his charts in his stock trading for years. What he really did was to take advantage of some highly intelligent averaging. They tell me he won regularly-until the World War knocked all precedents into a cocked hat.
I heard that he and his large following lost millions before they desisted. But not even a world war can keep the stock market from being a bull market when conditions are bullish, or a bear market when conditions are bearish. And all a man needs to know to make money is to appraise conditions.
或许我应该说图表只能帮助那些能读懂它的人,更准确地说,只能帮助能领会图内涵的人。普通的读图人关心的只不过是股票的涨跌和其走势,在它们眼里这就是炒股要了解的一切,如果要他对股市做进一步分析,他就没信心了。然而这儿有一位极其精明的人,他曾经是一家有名的证券商行所的合伙人、一位训练有素的数学家,他毕业于一所有名的技术学校,他精心研究许多市场——股票、债券、谷物、棉花、货币等的价格变化,绘制作图,还倒退几年追溯它们的相互关系和季节变化,所有的方面。他已经用图表交易多年了。他确实智胜了许多的人,有人说他常常获胜,直到世界大战改变了市场性质。听他说他和他的的追随者在退出之前损失几百万。然而只要条件具备,股市该是牛市就是牛市,该是熊市就是熊市,谁也无法阻挡,因此每个想赚钱的人必须正确估价条件是否具备。
And right here let me say one thing: After spending many years in Wall Street and after making and losing millions of dollars I want to tell you this: It never was my thinking that made the big money for me. It always was my sitting. Got that? My sitting tight! It is no trick at all to be right on the market. You always find lots of early bulls in bull markets and early bears in bear markets. I've known many men who were right at exactly the right time, and began buying or selling stocks when prices were at the very level which should show the greatest profit. And their experience invariably matched mine--that is, they made no real money out of it.
Men who can both be right and sit tight are uncommon. I found it one of the hardest things to learn. But it is only after a stock operator has firmly grasped this that he can make big money. It is literally true that millions come easier to a trader after he knows how to trade than hundreds did in the days of his ignorance.
在华尔街混了多年,输赢了几百万美元之后,我要告诉你:“我之所以赚了大钱,从来跟我的思想无关,有关的是我稳如泰山的功夫,明白吗?我稳坐不动。看对走势没什么了不起的。在多头市场你总能找到很多很早就看涨的人,在熊市很早就看跌的人。我认识许多看盘高手,他们也能在最佳时机买卖股票。而且他们的经验总是跟我不谋而合。但是,他们却没真正赚到钱。看对市场而且紧握头寸不动的人难得一见,我发现这也是最难学的事。股票交易者只有牢牢把握了这一本领他才能赚大钱。知道如何交易的人要赚取百万美元较那些不懂交易的人赚几百美元更为容易。
You have to use your brains and your vision to do this; otherwise my advice would be as idiotic as to tell you to buy cheap and sell dear. One of the most helpful things that anybody can learn is to give up trying to catch the last eighth--or the first. These two are the most expensive eighths in the world. They have cost stock traders, in the aggregate, enough millions of dollars to build a concrete highway across the continent.
你必须用你的头脑、你的观察判断,否则我的建议犹如告诉你低价买进,高价卖出一样蠢,每个人都应学会的一件最有用的事就是不要试图一刻最后(卖出)或第一时间(买进),代价太昂贵了,共已葬送了股票交易者数百万美元,足以建一条横跨大陆的公路。
Occam’s Razor | 奥卡姆剃刀
奥卡姆剃刀的核心概念最早是由亚里士多德提出来的,后来迈蒙尼德(1138-1204)、罗伯特·格罗斯泰斯特(1175-1253)、邓斯·司各脱(1265-1308)等都有类似的陈述。后一直发展到公元14世纪,英国奥卡姆地区的逻辑学家、洪方济各会修士奥卡姆的威廉将其作为解决问题的法则。所以奥卡姆并不是这个概念的发明者,之所以以他为命名,实际上是因为奥卡姆频繁并且有效地使用它。
奥卡姆的威廉在《箴言书注》2卷15题说“切勿浪费较多东西,去做‘用较少的东西,同样可以做好的事情’。”换一种说法,如果关于同一个问题有许多种理论,每一种都能作出同样准确的预言,那么应该挑选其中使用假定最少的。简单来说,可以将奥卡姆剃刀看作是简约模型,翻译成中文就是“大道至简”。
原理
奥卡姆剃刀的原理,可以使用数学中的概率论来得以证明。以上面奥卡姆的表述做证明,任何假设都会伴随犯错的概率,如果这个假设没不能增加正确率,那么它唯一的作用就是增加整个理论错误的概率。
如何使用
简单不等于正确
虽然生活中很多简单的方法最终往往证明是最有效的方案,但并不意味着只要是简单就等于正确。尤其是在做重要且具有一定风险的决策时,一定要打起十二分的注意,如果只是为了追求简单而放弃深度思考,实际上就是拿奥卡姆剃刀作为偷懒的理由而已。因为从长远上来看,正确的判断是需要一定的经验和思考做支撑,而并不是简单。
简单具有主观性
每个人对于简单的理解都是不同的,所以只是为了简单而使用奥卡姆剃刀也会得出各种不同的结果。例如,有的人认为神存在是更容易理解的,但有的人认为神不存在更好理解。而对于类似的问题,要避免掉进幸存者偏差的思维盲点。
在不同的时间和不同的思维认知对于事物的看法是不同的,具体是否要使用奥卡姆剃刀,实际上是取决于想要解决的问题。
不追逐简单的表达
有的时候为了看起来简单很简单,但实际上可能涉及冗长的解决方案。
总结
奥卡姆剃刀也可作为简约模型,最流行的陈述是“如无必须,勿增实体”;它虽然非常重要,但也有一定的局限性,在做一些重要和具有风险性的决策时要注意,不要为了简单而使用奥卡姆剃刀。简单不代表正确,简单也具有主观性,不同的人对于简单的定义是不同,要注意幸存者偏差的情况出现,使用奥卡姆剃刀的准则取决于目的;不追逐简单的表达,在正确表达的基础上做简化才是奥卡姆剃刀的力量所在。
奥卡姆剃刀侧重应该是避免复杂化,如果一个简单的解释已经足够了,就没必要继续叠加其他理论。简单来说,不应过分的追逐简单,而是避免复杂。
爱因斯坦对于奥卡姆剃刀的陈述最为准确:
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler.