⼆⼗五史简介
⼆⼗五史是指：史记、汉书、后汉书、三国志、晋书、宋书、南齐书、梁书、陈书、魏书、北齐书、周书、南史、北史、隋书、旧唐书、新唐书、旧五代史、新五代史、宋史、辽史、⾦史、元史、明史、清史稿。
《史记》最初没有固定书名，或称"太史公书"，或称"太史公记"，也省称"太史公"。"史记"本来是古代史书的通称，从三国开始，"史记"由通称逐渐成为"太史公书"的专名。作者司马迁。
司马迁的⽗亲司马谈在汉中央政府做太史令，负责管理皇家图书和收集史料，研究天⽂历法。司马谈打算编写⼀部通史，愿望没有实现就死去了。临死的时侯，嘱咐司马迁完成他未竟的事业。司马迁幼年时就很刻苦，⼗岁开始学习当时的古⽂，后来跟着董仲舒、孔安写过《公⽺春秋》、《古⽂尚书》。汉武帝元朔三年，司马迁⼆⼗岁，满怀求知的欲望，游遍了祖国的名⼭⼤川，到处考察古迹，采集传说。通过对历史遗迹和西汉建国前后的史实的实地调查，司马迁开阔了胸襟，增长了知识，为后来编写《史记》作了很好的准备。司马谈死后，司马迁承袭⽗职，做了太史令，有条件看到⼤量的图书⽂献和国家档案，这对司马迁编写《史记》是⼀个不可缺少的条件。汉武帝太初元年，司马迁开始编写《史记》。天汉⼆年，李陵率兵随李⼴利出击匈奴，兵败投降。汉武帝向司马迁询问对李陵的看法，于是，司马迁说，李陵投降，是因为众寡不敌，⼜没有救兵，责任不全在李陵⾝上。汉武帝认为司马迁有意替李陵回护开脱，贬责汉武帝的爱姬李夫⼈的哥哥李⼴利。于是，把司马迁投进监狱，处以腐刑。三年后他被赦出狱，更加发奋写作《史记》。⼤约在征和⼆年，基本上完成了编撰⼯作。司马迁死后许多年，他的外孙杨恽才把这部五⼗⼆万多字的不朽名著公诸于世。
《史记》是⼀部贯穿古今的通史，从传说中的黄帝开始，⼀直写到汉武帝元狩元年，叙述了我国三千年左右的历史。据司马迁说，全书有本纪⼗⼆篇，表⼗篇，书⼋篇，世家三⼗篇，列传七⼗篇，共⼀百三⼗篇。班固在《汉书·司马迁传》中提到《史记》缺少⼗篇。三国魏张晏指出这⼗篇是《景帝本纪》、《武帝本纪》、《礼书》、《乐书》、《律书》、《汉兴以来将相年表》、《⽇者列传》、《三王世家》、《龟策列传》、《傅靳列传》。后⼈⼤多数不同意张晏的说法，但《史记》残缺是确凿⽆疑的。今本《史记》也是⼀百三⼗篇，有少数篇章显然不是司马迁的⼿笔，汉元帝、成帝时的博⼠褚少孙补写过《史记》，今本《史记》中"褚先⽣⽈"就是他的补作。《史记》取材相当⼴泛。当时社会上流传的《世本》、《国语》、《国策》、《秦记》、《楚汉春秋》、诸⼦百家等著作和国家的⽂书档案，以及实地调查获取的材料，都是司马迁写作《史记》的重要材料来源。特别可贵的是，司马迁对搜集的材料做了认真地分析和选择，淘汰了⼀些⽆稽之谈。对⼀些不能弄清楚的问题，或者采⽤阙疑的态度，或者记载各种不同的说法。由于取材⼴泛，修史态度严肃认真，所以，《史记》记事翔实，内容丰富。
汉书
继司马迁撰写《史记》之后，班固撰写了《汉书》。⽗亲班彪是⼀个史学家，曾作《后传》六⼗五篇来续补《史记》。《汉书》就是在《后传》的基础上完成的。和帝永元元年，班固随从车骑将军窦宪出击匈奴，参预谋议。后因事⼊狱，永元四年死在狱中。那时《汉书》还有⼋表和《天⽂志》没有写成，汉和帝叫班固的妹妹班昭补作，马续协助班昭作了《天⽂志》。班昭是"⼆⼗四史"中绝⽆仅有的⼥作者。
《汉书》包括本纪⼗⼆篇，表⼋篇，志⼗篇，列传七⼗篇，共⼀百篇，后⼈划分为⼀百⼆⼗卷。它的记事始于汉⾼帝刘邦元年，终于王莽地皇四年。
后汉书
《后汉书》九十卷，南朝宋范晔撰写的。他的父亲是宋武帝刘裕的得力助手。他博览群书、潜心著述，作《古今善言》二十四篇。所以范晔有很深的家学渊源，一直以名门之后自居，生性孤傲，不拘小节，以此成名，也以此丧身。
元嘉九年，范晔在为彭城太妃治丧期间，行为失检得罪了司徒刘义康，被贬为宣城太守，范晔郁郁不得志，就借助修史来寄托他的志向，开始写作《后汉书》。元嘉二十二年，当他完成了本纪、列传的写作，同时又和谢俨共同完成《礼乐志》、《舆服志》、《五行志》、《天文志》、《州郡志》等五志的时候，有人告发他参与了刘义康的篡位阴谋，因此下狱而死。谢俨怕受牵连，毁掉了手中的志稿，使《后汉书》只有纪传部分流传了下来。
在范晔《后汉书》之前，已问世的有关东汉历史的重要著作不下十部，范晔以《东观汉记》为基本史料依据，以华峤书为主要蓝本，吸取其他各家书的长处，删繁补缺，整齐故事，超越众家，后来居上。所以到了唐代，范晔《后汉书》取代《东观汉记》，与《史记》、《汉书》并称“三史”，盛行于世。而诸家《后汉书》，除袁宏《后汉纪》外，都相继散亡。于是范晔《后汉书》成为我们现在研究东汉历史的最基本的依据。范晔《后汉书》的记述，起于刘秀起兵推翻王莽，终于汉献帝禅位于曹丕，详载了东汉一百九十五年的历史。
三国志
《三国志》，六十五卷，包括《魏书》三十卷，《蜀书》十五卷，《吴书》二十卷，主要记载魏、蜀、吴三国鼎立时期的历史。作者陈寿，他写《三国志》以前，已出现一些有关魏、吴的史作，如《魏书》，《魏略》，《吴书》等。《三国志》中的《魏书》、《吴书》，主要取材于这些史书。蜀政权没有设置史官，无专人负责搜集材料，编写蜀史。《蜀书》的材料是由陈寿采集和编次的。陈寿写书的时代靠近三国，可资利用的他人成果并不多，加上他是私人著述，没有条件获得大量的文献档案。阅读《三国志》时，就会发现陈寿有史料不足的困难，内容显得不够充实。陈寿没有编写志。我们要了解三国时代的典章制度，只好借助于《晋书》。《三国志》善于叙事，文笔简洁，剪裁得当，当时就受到赞许。与陈寿同时的夏侯湛写作《魏书》，看到《三国志》，认为没有另写新史的必要，就毁弃了自己的著作。后人更是推崇备至，认为在记载三国历史的史书中，独有陈书可以同《史记》、《汉书》相媲美。因此，其他各家的三国史相继埋灭，如今只有《三国志》的局面。
宋书
《宋书》记述南朝刘宋王朝自刘裕建基至刘准首尾六十年的史实，为沈约所撰。全书一百卷，纪十卷，志三十卷，
列传六十卷。作者根据何承天、徐爱等所著宋史旧本改了一下，就撰续成书。
全书以资料繁富而著称于史林，为研究刘宋一代历史的基本史料。
各志工程巨大，内容详备，篇幅几占全书之半。
《乐志》记叙汉魏及两晋乐府情况，乐府诗章有分类开录，并保存有汉魏以来大量乐府诗篇及乐舞文辞，其中“古辞”多为汉代遗篇，是研究乐府及诗史的重要文献。纪传叙事详密，列目入载二百三十余人。纪传中收录的大量诏令、文章，有多方面的史料价值。
《宋书》的作者沈约，是南朝著名史学家、文学家、声律学家，他爸沈璞，因皇族争权夺位之乱中被害，沈约 时年十三岁。少年时代，沈约横遭家难，家境孤贫。他笃志好学，读书昼夜不倦。活了七十三岁，谥曰“隐”，后世亦称“隐侯”。
今日份差不多了，晚上再写英语。
The 25 histories refer to: historicalrecords, Han books, Later Han books, Records of The Three Kingdoms, Jin books,Song books, Southern Qi books, Liang books, Chen books, Wei books, Northern Qibooks, Zhou books, Southern history, Northern history, Sui books, Old Tangbooks, New Tang books, Old Five Dynasties history, New Five Dynasties history,Song history, Liao History, Jin history, Yuan history, Ming history and Qinghistory.
The Shiji originally had no fixed title. Itwas called "Taishi Gong Shu", "Taishi Gong Ji", or"Taishi Gong Ji". "Records of the Historian" was originallythe general name of ancient historical books. From The Three Kingdoms,"Records of the Historian" gradually became the proper name of"Taishi Gongshu". The author is Sima Qian.
Sima Qian's father, Sima Tan, served in thecentral government of the Han Dynasty as imperial historian. He was responsiblefor the management of the royal books, the collection of historical materials,and the study of astronomy and calendar. Sima Tan planned to write a generalhistory, but died before his wish came true. When he died, he asked Sima Qianto finish his unfinished business. Sima Qian was very hard when he was young.He began to learn ancient Chinese at the age of ten. Later, he wrote GongyangSpring and Autumn Annals and Ancient Chinese Shangshu with Dong Zhongshu andKong An. Han Wudi Yuan Shuo three years, Sima Qian twenty years old, full ofthe desire to learn, traveled all over the motherland's famous mountains andrivers, everywhere to investigate historical sites, collect legends. Throughthe field investigation OF historical sites and the historical facts before andafter the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian broadened his mind andincreased his knowledge, which made a good preparation for the compilation ofRecords of the Historian. After the death of Sima Tan, Sima Qian took over hisfather's post as the Imperial Historian Command. He had access to a largenumber of books and documents and state archives, which was an indispensablecondition for Sima Qian to compile Records of the Historian. In the first yearof Emperor Wudi's reign, Sima Qian began to compile Records of the Historian.In the second year of the Tian Han Dynasty, Li Ling led his troops to attackXiongnu with Li Guangli, and surrendered. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty askedSima Qian what he thought of Li Ling. Sima Qian said that Li Ling hadsurrendered because he was outnumbered and had no troops to help him. EmperorWudi of the Han Dynasty thought Sima Qian intended to exonerate Li Ling, theelder brother of Lady Li Guangli, the love of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.Therefore, Sima Qian was put into prison and sentenced to corruption. Threeyears later, he was pardoned and released from prison. The compilation wasbasically completed about two years after the draft. It was not until manyyears after Sima Qian's death that his grandson Yang Yun published thismonumental work of more than 520,000 words.
"Historical Records" is a generalhistory that runs through ancient and modern times, beginning with thelegendary Yellow Emperor beginning until it is written until the Han Wudi Yuan& First Year, narrating the history of our country around 3,000 years.According to Sima Qian, the whole book consists of twelve books, ten tables,eight books, thirty families, and seventy biographies, a total of 130. Ban Gumentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in the Book of the Han Dynasty that theRecords of the Historian lacked ten articles. Zhang Yan of The Three Kingdomspointed out that these ten articles were Jing Di Benji, Wu Di Benji, Li Shu, LeShu, Lu Shu, Chronology of Generals and Ministers Since the Rise of HanDynasty, Rizhi Lizon, Three Kings' Families, Guice Lizon, and Fu Jin Lizon.Most later generations disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but it is clearthat the Shiji is incomplete. The current edition of the Records of the GrandHistorian contains 130 chapters, and a few chapters are obviously not writtenby Sima Qian. Chu Shaosun, a doctor in the reign of Emperor Yuan and EmperorCheng of the Han Dynasty, wrote a supplement to the Records of the GrandHistorian. In the current edition of the Records of the Grand Historian,"Mr. Chu said" is his supplement. Shiji draws on a wide range ofmaterials. The works of Shiben, Guoyu, State Policy, Qin Records, Spring andAutumn Annals of Chu and Han Dynasties, Various Schools of Thought, and thedocuments and archives of the state, as well as the materials obtained fromfield investigation, were all important sources of materials for Sima Qian towrite Records of the Historian. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qianmade a careful analysis and selection of the collected materials and eliminatedsome nonsense. For some questions which cannot be clarified, the attitude isabsent, or different statements are recorded. Because of the wide range ofmaterials and the serious attitude of the historical review, the Shiji isinformative and rich in content.
han
After Sima Qian wrote Records of theHistorian, Ban Gu wrote the Book of the Han Dynasty. His father, Ban Biao, wasa historian who wrote sixty-five chapters in the Later Biography to supplementthe Records of the Historian. The Book of Han was completed on the basis of theLater Biography. In the year of Emperor Yongyuan, Ban Gu joined the chariotgeneral Dou Xian to attack the Huns. Later because of the matter jailed,Yongyuan four years died in prison. At that time, there were still eight tablesand Tian Wen Zhi in the Book of Han. The Han Emperor He asked Ban Zhao, theyounger sister of Ban Gu, to make up the work, and Ma Xu helped Ban Zhao towrite Tian Wen Zhi. Ban Zhao is the only female writer in the "Twenty-fourHistories".
The Book of the Han Dynasty includes twelvechapters of the book of the Chronicles, eight chapters of the table, tenchapters of the annals, and seventy chapters of the biography, a total of 100chapters, which were divided into 120 volumes by later generations. It began inthe first year of Liu Bang, Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, and finally fouryears of Wang Mang Di Huang.
were
The 90-volume Book of the Later Han Dynastywas written by Fan Ye of the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty. His fatherwas the right-hand man of Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty. He readwidely, devoted himself to writing, "Ancient and modern Good words"twenty-four. Therefore, Fan Ye had a deep family history, and he alwaysregarded himself as the son of a famous family. He was aloof and proud bynature, and did not worry about small matters.
In the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty, whenhe was mourning for the Constable of Pengcheng, Fan Ye offended Stu Liu Yikangand was demoted as the prefect of Xuancheng. He was depressed, so he began to writethe Book of the Later Han Dynasty with the help of history repair. In thetwenty-second year of the reign of Yuan Jia, when he finished writing thebiographies and biographies, and at the same time completed the five annals ofRites and Music, the Annals of Yufu, the Annals of the Five Elements, theAnnals of Heaven and the Annals of State and County, together with Xie Yan, hewas accused of having participated in Liu Yikang's usurpation plot, and was putinto prison and died. Xie Yan, afraid of being implicated, destroyed themanuscripts in his hands, so that only the Jizhuan part of the Later Han Booksurvived.
Before Fan Ye's Book of the Later HanDynasty, there were no less than ten important works about the history of theEastern Han Dynasty. Fan Ye took the book of the Eastern Han Dynasty as thebasic historical data basis, and Hua Qiao book as the main blueprint. Heabsorbed the advantages of other books, deleted numerous and filled the gaps,organized the story, went beyond the house and came from behind. Therefore, inthe Tang Dynasty, Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han replaced the Book of theEastern View of Han, which, together with the Records of the Historian and theBook of Han, was called the "Three histories" and prevailed in theworld. All the Later Han books, except Yuan Hong's Later Han Ji, fell apart oneafter another. So Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han Dynasty becomes the most basicbasis for us to study the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Fan Ye's Book ofthe Later Han, which began with Liu Xiu's overthrow of Wang Mang and ended withEmperor Xian's reign in Cao PI, describes the 195 years of the Eastern HanDynasty in detail.
