一. 字面量(Literal)
下面代码中的10、false、"Jack"都是字面量
var age = 10
var isRed = false
var name = "Jack"
Swift源码规定,常见字面量的默认类型:
public typealias IntegerLiteralType = Int
public typealias FloatLiteralType = Double
public typealias BooleanLiteralType = Bool
public typealias StringLiteralType = String
可以通过typealias修改字面量的默认类型
typealias FloatLiteralType = Float
typealias IntegerLiteralType = UInt8
var age = 10 // UInt8
var height = 1.68 // Float
Swift自带的绝大部分类型,都支持直接通过字面量进行初始化,如下:
Bool、Int、Float、Double、String、Array、Dictionary、Set、Optional等
1. 字面量协议
Swift自带类型之所以能够通过字面量初始化,是因为它们遵守了对应的协议
- Bool : ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral
- Int : ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral
- Float、Double : ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral、ExpressibleByFloatLiteral
- Dictionary : ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral
- String : ExpressibleByStringLiteral
- Array、Set : ExpressibleByArrayLiteral
- Optional : ExpressibleByNilLiteral
var b: Bool = false // ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral
var i: Int = 10 // ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral
var f0: Float = 10 // ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral
var f1: Float = 10.0 // ExpressibleByFloatLiteral
var d0: Double = 10 // ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral
var d1: Double = 10.0 // ExpressibleByFloatLiteral
var s: String = "jack" // ExpressibleByStringLiteral
var arr: Array = [1, 2, 3] // ExpressibleByArrayLiteral
var set: Set = [1, 2, 3] // ExpressibleByArrayLiteral
var dict: Dictionary = ["jack" : 60] // ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral
var o: Optional<Int> = nil // ExpressibleByNilLiteral
2. 字面量协议的应用
让Int类型遵守ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral协议,这样就能通过Bool字面量来初始化Int类型数据
//有点类似于C++中的转换构造函数
extension Int : ExpressibleByBooleanLiteral {
public init(booleanLiteral value: Bool) {
self = value ? 1 : 0
}
}
var num: Int = true //通过Bool字面量来初始化Int类型数据
print(num) // 1
使用Int、Double、String类型字面量来初始化Student对象
class Student : ExpressibleByIntegerLiteral, ExpressibleByFloatLiteral, ExpressibleByStringLiteral, CustomStringConvertible {
var name: String = ""
var score: Double = 0
required init(floatLiteral value: Double) { self.score = value }
required init(integerLiteral value: Int) { self.score = Double(value) }
required init(stringLiteral value: String) { self.name = value } //使用一般String
required init(unicodeScalarLiteral value: String) { self.name = value } //unicode表情
required init(extendedGraphemeClusterLiteral value: String) { self.name = value } //特殊字符
var description: String { "name=\(name),score=\(score)" }
}
var stu: Student = 90
print(stu) // name=,score=90.0
stu = 98.5
print(stu) // name=,score=98.5
stu = "Jack"
print(stu) // name=Jack,score=0.0
使⽤数组、字典字⾯量初始化Point
struct Point {
var x = 0.0, y = 0.0
}
extension Point : ExpressibleByArrayLiteral, ExpressibleByDictionaryLiteral {
init(arrayLiteral elements: Double...) { //使用数组初始化
guard elements.count > 0 else { return }
self.x = elements[0]
guard elements.count > 1 else { return }
self.y = elements[1]
}
init(dictionaryLiteral elements: (String, Double)...) { //使用字典初始化
for (k, v) in elements {
if k == "x" { self.x = v }
else if k == "y" { self.y = v }
}
}
}
var p: Point = [10.5, 20.5]
print(p) // Point(x: 10.5, y: 20.5)
p = ["x" : 11, "y" : 22]
print(p) // Point(x: 11.0, y: 22.0)
二. 模式匹配
什么是模式(Pattern)?
模式是用于匹配的规则,比如switch的case、捕捉错误的catch、if/guard/while/for语句的条件等。
Swift中的模式有:
- 通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
- 标识符模式(Identifier Pattern)
- 值绑定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
- 元组模式(Tuple Pattern)
- 枚举Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
- 可选模式(Optional Pattern)
- 类型转换模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
- 表达式模式(Expression Pattern)
1. 通配符模式(Wildcard Pattern)
_ 匹配任何值
_? 匹配非nil值
enum Life {
case human(name: String, age: Int?)
case animal(name: String, age: Int?)
}
func check(_ life: Life) { //这里的_是省略标签
switch life {
case .human(let name, _): //第二个可以是任何值
print("human", name)
case .animal(let name, _?): //要求第二个是非空
print("animal", name)
default:
print("other")
}
}
check(.human(name: "Rose", age: 20)) // human Rose
check(.human(name: "Jack", age: nil)) // human Jack
check(.animal(name: "Dog", age: 5)) // animal Dog
check(.animal(name: "Cat", age: nil)) // other
2. 标识符模式(Identifier Pattern)
给对应的变量、常量名赋值
var age = 10
let name = "jack"
3. 值绑定模式(Value-Binding Pattern)
let point = (3, 2)
switch point {
case let (x, y):
print("The point is at (\(x), \(y)).")
}
4. 元组模式(Tuple Pattern)
let points = [(0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0)]
for (x, _) in points { //第二个可以是任何值
print(x)
}
let name: String? = "jack"
let age = 18
let info: Any = [1, 2]
switch (name, age, info) {
//要求,第一个非空值,第二个任何值,第三个是可以转成String的值,第三个不符合,所以匹配失败,打印default
case (_?, _ , _ as String):
print("case")
default:
print("default")
} // default
var scores = ["jack" : 98, "rose" : 100, "kate" : 86]
for (name, score) in scores {
print(name, score)
}
5. 枚举Case模式(Enumeration Case Pattern)
原来的写法:
let age = 2
if age >= 0 && age <= 9 {
print("[0, 9]")
}
使用switch:
switch age {
case 0...9:
print("[0, 9]")
default:
break
}
if case语句等价于只有一个case的switch语句:
if case 0...9 = age {
print("[0, 9]")
}
同理使用guard case:
guard case 0...9 = age else { return }
print("[0, 9]")
扩展使用for case,原来的写法如下:
let ages: [Int?] = [2, 3, nil, 5]
for age in ages {
if age == nil { //匹配nil值
print("有nil值")
}
break
} //有nil值
let points = [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0)]
for (x, y) in points {
if y == 0 {
print(x)
}
} //1 3
使用for case后代码如下,这样写的代码更具Swift风格。
let ages: [Int?] = [2, 3, nil, 5]
for case nil in ages { //匹配nil值
print("有nil值")
break
} //有nil值
let points = [(1, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0)]
for case let (x, 0) in points {
print(x)
} //1 3
Tips:现在我们知道了,除了switch case,if case、for case也都有了😜
6. 可选模式(Optional Pattern)
以前我们这么写:
let ages: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for item in ages { //item是可选项
if let age = item { //可选项绑定
print(age)
}
} // 2 3 5
使用for case之后我们可以这么写:
let ages: [Int?] = [nil, 2, 3, nil, 5]
for case let age? in ages { //取出每一个可选项,如果可选项绑定给age成功,则会执行大括号的代码
print(age) //这时候age一定有值
} //2 3 5
使用switch判断可选项的值,原来我们这么写:
func check(_ num: Int?) {
if let x = num {
switch x {
case 2:
print("2") //非空2
case 4:
print("4") //非空4
case 6:
print("6") //非空6
default:
print("other") //非空其他值
}
} else {
print("nil") //空
}
}
check(4) // 4
check(8) // other
check(nil) // nil
如果写成如下方式,是不是更加简洁更加Swift风格呢?
func check(_ num: Int?) {
switch num {
case 2?: print("2") //非空2
case 4?: print("4") //非空4
case 6?: print("6") //非空6
case _?: print("other") //非空其他值
case nil: print("nil") //空
}
}
check(4) // 4
check(8) // other
check(nil) // nil
7. 类型转换模式(Type-Casting Pattern)
let num: Any = 6
switch num {
case is Int: //判断num是否是Int类型
//上面仅仅是判断num是否是Int类型,编译器并没有进行强转,编译器依然认为num是Any类型
print("is Int", num)
case let n as Int: //判断能不能将num强转成Int,如果可以就强转,然后赋值给n,最后n是Int类型,num还是Any类型
print("as Int",n)
default:
break
}
//type(of: self)可以获取当前方法调用者是谁
class Animal { func eat() { print(type(of: self), "eat") } }
class Dog : Animal { func run() { print(type(of: self), "run") } }
class Cat : Animal { func jump() { print(type(of: self), "jump") } }
func check(_ animal: Animal) {
switch animal {
case let dog as Dog: //传进来是Animal类型,强转成Dog,下⾯两个⽅法就可以调
dog.eat()
dog.run()
case is Cat:
//传进来是Animal类型,没强转成Cat,编译器认为还是Animal,只能调eat,最终实际调⽤的还是Cat的eat⽅法
animal.eat() //如果真想调⽤jump只能强转:(animal as? Cat)?.jump()
default: break
}
}
// Dog eat
// Dog run
check(Dog())
// Cat eat
check(Cat())
8. 表达式模式(Expression Pattern)
表达式模式用在switch case中,简单的case匹配如下:
let point = (1, 2)
switch point {
case (0, 0):
print("(0, 0) is at the origin.")
case (-2...2, -2...2):
print("(\(point.0), \(point.1)) is near the origin.")
default:
print("The point is at (\(point.0), \(point.1)).")
} // (1, 2) is near the origin.
复杂的case匹配⾥⾯其实调⽤了~=运算符来匹配,我们可以重载~=运算符来重新定制匹配规则,如下:
① ⾃定义Student和Int的匹配规则
value:switch后面的内容,pattern:case后面的内容。
struct Student { var score = 0, name = ""
//⾃定义Student和Int的匹配规则
static func ~= (pattern: Int, value: Student) -> Bool { value.score >= pattern }
//⾃定义Student和闭区间的匹配规则
static func ~= (pattern: ClosedRange<Int>, value: Student) -> Bool { pattern.contains(value.score) }
//⾃定义Student和开区间的匹配规则
static func ~= (pattern: Range<Int>, value: Student) -> Bool { pattern.contains(value.score) }
}
var stu = Student(score: 75, name: "Jack")
switch stu {
case 100: print(">= 100")
case 90: print(">= 90")
case 80..<90: print("[80, 90)")
case 60...79: print("[60, 79]")
case 0: print(">= 0")
default: break
} // [60, 79]
上面说过:if case语句等价于只有1个case的switch语句,所以也可以这么写:
if case 60 = stu { //将student对象和60匹配
print(">= 60")
} // >= 60
把Student对象放到元祖里面,这时候就是把Student和60匹配,如果匹配成功就将及格和text绑定,如下:
var info = (Student(score: 70, name: "Jack"), "及格")
switch info {
case let (60, text): print(text) //如果匹配成功就将及格和text绑定
default: break
} // 及格
② ⾃定义String和函数(带参数)的匹配规则
extension String {
static func ~= (pattern: (String) -> Bool, value: String) -> Bool {
pattern(value) //调用一下这个函数,将value传进去
}
}
//接收一个String返回一个函数
func hasPrefix(_ prefix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) { { $0.hasPrefix(prefix) } }
func hasSuffix(_ suffix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) { { $0.hasSuffix(suffix) } }
var str = "jack"
switch str {
case hasPrefix("j"), hasSuffix("k"): //两个条件只需要满足一个
print("以j开头或者以k结尾")
default: break
} //以j开头或者以k结尾
所以重写~=把str和函数进⾏匹配,这样只是学习怎么⾃定义表达式模式,其实使⽤系统的那两个函数更简单。
上面的hasPrefix、hasSuffix⽅法是传⼊⼀个prefix,return⼀个函数,只不过上面是简写的,完整写法如下:
func hasPrefix(_ prefix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) {
return {
(str:String) -> Bool in
str.hasPrefix(prefix)
}
}
func hasSuffix(_ suffix: String) -> ((String) -> Bool) {
return {
(str:String) -> Bool in
str.hasSuffix(suffix)
}
}
③ ⾃定义Int和函数的匹配规则
func isEven(_ i: Int) -> Bool { i % 2 == 0 }
func isOdd(_ i: Int) -> Bool { i % 2 != 0 }
extension Int {
static func ~= (pattern: (Int) -> Bool, value: Int) -> Bool {
pattern(value)
}
}
var age = 9
switch age {
case isEven:
print("偶数")
case isOdd:
print("奇数")
default:
print("其他")
}
④ ⾃定义Int和⾃定义运算符的匹配规则
这个例⼦和示例3本质是⼀样的,因为运算符的本质也是函数
prefix operator ~>
prefix operator ~>=
prefix operator ~<
prefix operator ~<=
extension Int {
static func ~= (pattern: (Int) -> Bool, value: Int) -> Bool {
return
pattern(value) //调用一下这个函数,将value传进去
}
prefix func ~> (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { return { $0 > i } }
prefix func ~>= (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { return { $0 >= i } }
prefix func ~< (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { return { $0 < i } }
prefix func ~<= (_ i: Int) -> ((Int) -> Bool) { return { $0 <= i } }
}
var age = 15
switch age {
case ~<=0:
print("1")
case ~>10:
print("2")
default: break
} // 2
9. 补充:where
可以使用where为模式匹配增加匹配条件。
在case后面:
var data = (10, "Jack")
switch data {
case let (age, _) where age > 10:
print(data.1, "age>10")
case let (age, _) where age > 0:
print(data.1, "age>0")
default: break
}
在for循环后面:
var ages = [10, 20, 44, 23, 55]
for age in ages where age > 30 {
print(age)
} // 44 55
在关联类型后面:
protocol Stackable { associatedtype Element }
protocol Container {
associatedtype Stack : Stackable where Stack.Element : Equatable
}
在函数返回值后面给泛型做一些约束:
func equal<S1: Stackable, S2: Stackable>(_ s1: S1, _ s2: S2) -> Bool
where S1.Element == S2.Element, S1.Element : Hashable {
return false
}
带条件的协议的扩展:
extension Container where Self.Stack.Element : Hashable { }