概括

• 英语中的十六种时态由 4 种时间和 4 种状态组成

一般现在时

• 一般现在时的结构表示为:
• 动词原形包括: am/is/are/do(动词原形)/does(第三人称单数)
• 通常用于下面几种情况

表示习惯或经常性的动作

• I wake up at 7 a.m. every day
• She goes to the gym twice a week

表示事实或真理

• The sun rises in the east
• Water boils at 100°C
• I am a student

表示感官动词或心里状态

• She feels tired
• I love you
• He like coffee

表示固定的安排或计划

• My flight leaves at 9 a.m. tomorrow
• The concert starts at 7 o'clock

表示肯定

• 结构: 主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数加 -s 或 -es）
• She is a gril

表示否定

• 结构: 主语 + do/does + not + 动词原形
• She doesn't like coffee
• I don't understand

表示疑问

• 结构: Do/Does + 主语 + 动词原形？
• Do you like Coffee

现在进行时

• 用于表示当前正在发生的动作或正在进行的状态
• 现在进行时有以下几种表示

肯定句

• 结构为: 主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing
• We are playing football
• She is reading a book

否定句

• 结构为：主语 + am/is/are + not + 动词-ing
• They aren't playing basketball
• I am not working today

疑问句

• 结构为：Am/Is/Are + 主语 + 动词-ing？
• Are they playing basketball ?
• Is he watching TV?

现在完成时

• 用于表示一个动作或状态发生在过去，但与现在有某种联系或影响
• 现在进行时有以下几种表示:

肯定句

• 结构: 主语 + has/have + 过去分词（Past Participle）
• I have finished my homework
• We have lived here for five years
• She has visited Paris

否定句

• 结构: 主语 + has/have + not + 过去分词
• I haven't eaten breakfast yet.
• She hasn't finished his work
• They haven't met him before.
• We haven't decided where to go

疑问句

• 结构: Has/Have + 主语 + 过去分词？
• Have you seen that movie ?
• Has he finished the report ?
• Have they visited the museum?

现在完成进行时

• 表示某个动作从过去某时开始，一直持续到现在，并且可能仍在继续。它强调动作的持续性和过程，而不仅仅是动作的结果。
• 现在完成进行时有以下几种表示：

肯定句

• 主语 + have/has + been + 动词-ing
• I have been reading for two hours. // 我已经读了两个小时的书。

否定句

• 主语 + have/has + not + been + 动词-ing
• She has not been working recently. // 她最近没有在工作。

疑问句

• Have/Has + 主语 + been + 动词-ing?
• Have you been studying? // 你一直在学习吗？

常用时间副词

• 与现在完成进行时两用的副词有for 和 since
• for表示持续一段时间：He has been working here for five years (他在这里工作了五年了)
• since 表示起始点： We have been living here since 2010. (我们从2010年开始住在这里)

一般过去时

• 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，通常与特定的时间点或时间段相关。这个时态强调动作已经完成，不在继续。

表示过去某个时间发生的工作或事件

• I saw him yesterday 我昨天看见她了
• She graduated in 2010 她在2010年毕业

表示过去的习惯性动作或重复的行为

• When I was a child, I played outside every day. 我小时候每天都在外面玩

表示过去的状态

• He lived in New York for 5 years. 他曾在纽约住了5年
• The weather was cold last week. 上周天气很冷

肯定句

• 结构： 主语 + 动词的过去式
• I visited London last year. 我去年访问了伦敦
• he was a teacher before. 他之前是个教师
• She worked hard yesterday. 她昨天努力工作

否定句

• 结构： 主语 + did not (didn't) + 动词原形
• They didn't go to the party. 他们没去参加聚会
• he didn't go to school. 他昨天没去上学

疑问句

• 结构： Did + 主语 + 动词原形?
• Did you go to the party last night? 你昨晚去聚会了吗？
• Did they arrive on time? 他们准时到达了吗？

常用时间副词

• yesterday
• last： week， year， month
• ago： two days ago, three months ago
• in+年份： in 2020
• when： when i was a child

过去进行时

• 表示过去某一特定时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作或状态

肯定句

• 结构：主语 + was/were + 动词-ing
• I was reading a book. 我当时正在看书
• They were playing football. 他们当时正在踢足球

否定句

• 结构: 主语 + was/were + not + 动词-ing
• I was not sleeping when you called 你打电话时，我没有在睡觉
• She wasn’t studying at 8 o'clock 她八点钟没有在学习

疑问句

• 结构: Was/Were + 主语 + 动词-ing？
• Was he working yesterday 他昨天在工作吗
• Were you listening to music 你在听音乐吗

过去完成时

• 用于表示在过去某一时间点或事件之前已经完成的动作或状态。它强调的是“在过去的某一时刻之前完成”的含义

肯定句

• 结构：主语 + had + 过去分词
• I had finished my homework before I went out 在我出去之前，我已经完成了作业
• They had left by the time we arrived 我们到达时，他们已经离开了

否定句

• 结构: 主语 + had + not + 过去分词
• I had not seen that movie before 我之前没有看过那部电影
• She hadn’t met him before the party 她在派对之前没有见过他

疑问句

• 结构: Had + 主语 + 过去分词
• Had you finished your homework when I called 我打电话时，你完成作业了吗
• Had they arrived before the meeting started 会议开始前他们到达了吗

过去完成进行时

• 用于表示在过去的某个时间或事件之前，一直在进行的动作或状态。它强调的是动作的持续性，尤其是在过去某一时刻之前已经持续了一段时间的动作。

肯定句

• 结构：主语 + had + been + 动词-ing
• I had been working for two hours when she called 她打电话时，我已经工作了两个小时
• They had been waiting for a long time when the bus finally arrived 公共汽车终于到达时，他们已经等了很久

否定句

• 结构: 主语 + had + not + been + 动词-ing
• I hadn’t been studying when you called me 你打电话给我时，我没有在学习
• She had not been feeling well before she went to the doctor 她去看医生之前，一直感觉不太舒服

疑问句

• 结构: Had + 主语 + been + 动词-ing？
• Had you been waiting long when I arrived 我到达时，你等了很久吗
• Had he been working all day 他一整天都在工作吗

一般将来时

• 用于表示未来的动作或状态

肯定句

• 结构：will + 动词原形 / be + going to + 动词原形. 这两种方式的区别在于will 更侧重于预期或自发的决定， 而 be going to 更强调已经有计划或决心做某事。
• I will go to the store tomorrow. 我明天会去商店
• She will help us with the project. 她会帮我们做这个项目
• I am going to see a movie tonight. 我今晚打算看电影

否定句

• will not（won’t）+ 动词原形 / be + not + going to + 动词原形。
• I won't go to the party tomorrow. 我明天不会去派对
• I am not going to eat that 我不打算吃那个

疑问句

• 结构： Will + 主语 + 动词原形 / be + 主语 + going to + 动词原形
• Will you go to the party tomorrow? 你明天会去派对吗？
• Will they arrive on time? 他们会准时到达吗
• Are you going to visit your family this weekend? 你这个周末打算去看家人吗？

将来进行时

• 用于表示在未来某个特定时间正在进行的动作或状态，或者表示将来计划中预计会正在发生的事情

肯定句

• 结构：will be + 动词-ing形式
• I will be studying at 8 PM tonight.（我今晚8点将会在学习。）
• She will be working tomorrow afternoon.（她明天下午将会在工作。）

否定句

• 结构：will not be + 动词-ing形式 或 won't be + 动词-ing形式
• I won't be attending the meeting tomorrow.（我明天不会参加会议。）

疑问句

• 结构：Will + 主语 + be + 动词-ing形式?
• Will you be working at 9 AM tomorrow?
• Will they be traveling next month?（下个月他们会在旅行吗？）

将来完成时

• 用于表示在未来某个特定时间点之前，某个动作已经完成或某个状态已经发生。它强调的是“到某个未来时间为止，动作已经完成”这一概念。

肯定句

• 结构：will have + 过去分词
• She will have left by the time we arrive. 我们到达时，她将已经离开了。）
• They will have completed the project by next month.（到下个月，他们将已经完成这个项目。）

否定句

• 结构：will not have + 过去分词 或 won't have + 过去分词
• I won't have finished my work by 6 PM.（到下午6点，我将没有完成我的工作。）
• They won't have completed the task before the deadline.（他们在截止日期前不会完成这个任务。）

疑问句

• 结构：Will + 主语 + have + 过去分词?
• Will you have finished your homework by tomorrow?（到明天你会完成作业吗？）
• Will they have left by the time we arrive?（我们到达时，他们会已经离开吗？）

将来完成进行时

• 是表示在未来某一特定时刻之前，某个动作将已经开始并且可能会一直持续到那个时刻，或者强调到某个时间点为止，某个动作已经持续了一段时间。

肯定句

• 结构：will have been + 动词-ing形式
• By next month, I will have been working here for five years.（到下个月，我将在这里工作五年了。）
• By the time you return, I will have been living here for two years.

否定句

• 结构：will not have been + 动词-ing形式 或 won't have been + 动词-ing形式
• I won't have been working here for long.（我不会在这里工作太久。）
• They won't have been studying for the exam by the time the class starts.（等到上课开始时，他们不会为考试学习。）

疑问句

• 结构：Will + 主语 + have been + 动词-ing形式?
• Will you have been working at 5 PM tomorrow?（明天下午5点你会在工作吗？）
• Will they have been waiting long when we arrive?（我们到达时，他们会等很久吗？）

一般过去将来时

• 用于表示过去某个时刻的计划、意图、预期或推测，通常是指当时说话者在过去对未来的看法或预测。它通常出现在间接引语中，表示某人在过去时刻对于将来某个事件的预测或意图。

肯定句

• 结构：would + 动词原形
• He said he would go to the meeting.（他说他会去开会。）
• She promised she would help me with my project.（她答应她会帮我做项目。）
• They told me they would arrive by noon.（他们告诉我他们会在中午之前到达。）

否定句

• 结构：would not (wouldn't) + 动词原形
• He said he wouldn't go to the party.（他说他不会去派对。）
• I thought they wouldn't come on time.（我以为他们不会准时到。）

疑问句

• 结构：Would + 主语 + 动词原形?
• Would you help me with this task?（你会帮我做这个任务吗？）
• Would they arrive on time?（他们会准时到达吗？）

过去将来进行时

• 用于表示过去某个时刻对将来某个时刻正在进行的动作的预测、意图或计划。这种时态强调过去的某个时刻某个动作在未来会处于进行状态。它常见于间接引语中，表示过去某人对将来某一时刻的持续性动作的预测。

肯定句

• 结构：would + be + 动词-ing形式
• He said he would be working at 10 AM tomorrow.（他说明天上午10点他会在工作。）
• She promised she would be studying at 8 PM.（她答应她晚上8点会在学习。）

否定句

• 结构：would not (wouldn't) + be + 动词-ing形式
• He said he wouldn't be attending the meeting.（他说他不会参加会议。）
• I thought they wouldn't be working at 9 AM.（我以为他们9点不会在工作。）

疑问句

• 结构：Would + 主语 + be + 动词-ing形式?
• Would you be working at 10 AM tomorrow?（明天上午10点你会在工作吗？）
• Would they be studying at that time?（到时候他们会在学习吗？）

过去将来完成时

• 用于表示在过去某个时刻对将来某一特定时间点之前某个动作已经完成的预测、计划或假设。它强调过去某人对未来的某个动作或事件的完成状况的推测或意图。

肯定句

• 结构：would + have + 过去分词
• He said he would have finished the project by next week.（他说他到下周就会完成这个项目。）
• I thought they would have left by the time we arrived.（我以为我们到达时，他们会已经离开。）

否定句

• 结构：would not (wouldn't) + have + 过去分词
• I thought they wouldn't have finished by the deadline.（我以为他们不会在最后期限前完成。）
• He said he wouldn't have read the book by then.（他说到那时他还没有读完那本书。）

疑问句

• 结构：Would + 主语 + have + 过去分词?
• Would you have finished the task by tomorrow?（你明天之前会完成任务吗？）
• Would they have left by the time we arrive?（我们到达时，他们会已经离开吗？）

过去将来完成进行时

• 用于表示在过去某个时刻，某人对将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作的预测、假设或意图。也就是说，它是从过去的视角看待未来的某个动作，特别强调该动作会在未来的某个时刻之前完成。

肯定句

• 结构：would + have + 过去分词（动词的第三形式）
• He said he would have finished the work by 5 PM.（他说他到下午5点会完成工作。）
• I thought they would have left by now.（我以为他们现在应该已经离开了。）

否定句

• 结构：would not (wouldn't) + have + 过去分词
• I thought they wouldn't have finished the task by the deadline.（我以为他们不会在截止日期前完成任务。）
• He said he wouldn't have read the book by that time.（他说到那时他还没有读完那本书。）

疑问句

• 结构：Would + 主语 + have + 过去分词?
• Would you have finished the project by tomorrow?（你明天之前会完成项目吗？）
• Would they have left by the time we arrived?（我们到达时，他们会已经离开吗？）