E04 清心寡欲(下)
As Schopenhauer deemed it useless for the individual will to fight the universal will, so the Stoic argued that philosophic indifference was the only reasonable attitude to a life in which the struggle for existences so unfairly doomed to inevitable defeat.
就像叔本华认为的那样个体的意志对抗宇宙的意志是没有什么意义的,所以斯多葛学派他们的观点是:哲学上的冷漠和距离感是唯一合理的对于生命的态度,因为生命本身就是一场争斗,是为了证明一种存在,而这种存在是非常不公平被早就确定的难以避免的失败。
人生说到底就是一场失败,所以你就不要去和他斗了,必须从哲学层面形成一个出世的距离感。
奋斗即便没有结果也是有意义的,那就要怎么去调和?
入世:柏拉图、亚里士多德。
遁世:斯多葛、伊壁鸠鲁。
遁世和入世的关系:心态的把握
遁世之人要有勇气去面对孤独,非常强悍的勇者。大家都不理他了,他是否能耐得住寂寞。
入世之人要有气量去承载种种非议。只要做事就必然会得罪人。
遁世和入世都是能够让你寻找你之所以在这个世上合理的意义和价值。
If victory is quite impossible it should be scorned.
倘若胜利无法实现,那就该对其不屑一顾。
90后00后玩世不恭,解构能力很强--做这件事有什么意义,这是为什么?
外部的社会不需要他去做什么,并且他们做什么都认为他们是不对的,与其这样,那么整个群体不如进行内循环,他们会觉得成功胜利没什么了不起,会去嘲讽这些。
The secret of peace is not to make our achievement sequal to our desires, but to lower our desires to the level of our achievements.
真正想获得内心平静的秘诀在于并不是让我们的成就和我们的欲望一致,而是要降低我们的欲望,让它与我们的成就一致。
这句也有问题,如果大家都这么干了,那么整个社会就不会进步了。所以要看怎么平衡?
"If what you have seems insufficient to you," said the Roman Stoic Seneca(d. 65 A.D.), "then, though you possess the world, you will yet be miserable."
“如果你有这些东西,对你来说不够的话,”罗马的斯多葛派成员塞内加说:“那即便给你全世界,你还是会非常的痛苦。”
只要你内心丰盈,这个社会还是非常好的。
Such a principle cried out to heaven for its opposite, and Epicurus, though himself as Stoic in life as Zeno, supplied it.
虽然这样的一个思路,甚至都哭向了上天,希望有一个对相的存在,虽然伊壁鸠鲁与芝诺同属斯多葛派,他提供了这样的一个方法。
Epicurus, says Fenelon, "bought a fair garden, which he tilled himself.There it was he set up his school, and there he lived a gentle and agreeable life with his disciples, whom he taught as he walked and worked . . . He was gentle and affable to all men . . . He held there was nothing nobler than to apply one's self to philosophy."
依照费内隆的描述,伊壁鸠鲁“买了个漂亮的花园,自己去修建,还在那建立自己的学派,并过着非常绅士怡然自得的生活,在漫步与工作中对他的学生们进行教导,......他对每个人都春风和煦......他觉得献身哲学是最光荣的事。”
His starting point is a conviction that apathy is impossible, and that pleasure—though not necessarily sensual pleasure—is the only conceivable, and quite legitimate, end of life and action.
他的论证思路非常的简单,他相信了一件事情,你要做到完美没有情感是不可能的,生活唯一的目的是追求快乐,但不一定是肉体的享受。
对斯多葛学派的反驳。
"Nature leads every organism to prefer its own good to every other good"; —even the Stoic finds a subtle pleasure in renunciation. "We must not avoid pleasures, but we must select them."
“自然造物时就引导每一个生命体首先追求自身的快乐。”--即便是斯多葛派成员在不断的自我否定当中获得微妙的快乐。“我们不必逃避快乐,但我们必须有选择地追求快乐。”
典型的唯我论,认为人性一开始就好的,你要追随它。
Epicurus, then, is no epicurean; he exalts the joys of intellect rather than those of sense; he warns against pleasures that excite and disturb the soul which they should rather quiet and appease.
但伊壁鸠鲁并不是享乐主义者;他主张追求的是精神上的欢愉而非感官上的欢愉;他甚至劝诫世人,要警惕那些刺激和干扰灵魂的快乐,真正的快乐是灵魂的安宁与平和。
In the end he proposes to seek not pleasure in its usual sense, but ataraxia— tranquillity, equanimity, repose of mind; all of which trembles on the verge of Zeno's "apathy".
最后他建议,不要追求通常感官上的快乐,而要追求灵魂澄净、几道之心、心灵和谐的快乐;这一切都在芝诺的“冷漠无欲”边缘徘徊。
我们为什么而活?孤独凝望着生命谷底的深渊发出来的战抖。--卢梭
斯多葛学派和伊壁鸠鲁学派本质上还是一样的,你还是要关乎人内心的宁静。
伊壁鸠鲁学派在玩一个平衡,它在斯多葛学派边缘徘徊,一不小心就会掉下去,所以要掌握这个度。
语言点
inevitable: adj. 不可避免的
insufficient: adj. 不充足的
disciple: n. 信徒,门徒
conviction: n. 定罪,判罪
renunciation: n. 放弃,抛弃
tranquillity: n. 平静
equanimity: n. 平和,镇静
tremble: vi. 颤抖;摇晃