今天继续读外刊,学英语
这篇文章出自《经济学人》,标题为 Why do so many Chinese still smoke? 浅浅讨论了中国人的抽烟人数为何居高不下的问题,内容和结构都很适合运用在雅思托福写作里。
第一段引入话题:
Many Chinese struggle with the temptation. In a population of 1.4bn, some 300m are smokers.Together they get through 40% of the world’s tobacco. According to the WHO, Chinese consumption of it has declined by just 4% since 2000, compared with 13% globally. 许多中国人难以抵挡吸烟的诱惑。在14亿人口中,约有3亿人是吸烟者。他们消耗了全球40%的烟草。据世界卫生组织统计,自2000年以来,中国的烟草消费量仅下降了4%,而全球平均降幅为13%。
很多雅思托福的考生在准备写作部分的时候,都会拼命的积累背诵那些看上去很高深甚至稍显生僻的词,认为这些词能让自己得高分。但其实考官在打分的时候,一定会把用词是否高级生僻这个标准的优先级排在用词搭配是否自然地道这个标准之下,那就意味着,我们平时在读外刊学单词以及表达的过程中,除了要留意那些自己不知道的生词,比如上一段第一行里的“temptation诱惑”,“population人口”,“consumption消耗”, 还要同时留意那些单个看上去认识,但对它整体词组搭配运用反而不熟悉不会用的短语和词组,比如“struggle with (难以应对...)”,以及第二行中的“get through消耗/用光”,很多时候,往往就是这些由熟词构成的更地道自然的短语词组才是真正的加分点。
接下来这一段,作者进一步讨论了这个抽烟的不良习惯对烟民造成的恶性后果:
The habit exacts a heavy toll. Every year, as many as 2.6m Chinese die early from smoking-related illnesses (roughly as many as inhabitants of Chicago). They account for 23% of all annual deaths; In America the comparable figure is 10%. Tobacco Atlas, an online resource produced by Johns Hopkins University and Vital Strategies, a public-health NGO, reckons that smoking costs China roughly $300bn a year in treatment and lost productivity. 这种习惯的代价极其惨重。每年,多达260万中国人因吸烟相关疾病过早死亡(约相当于芝加哥的人口)。这一数字占中国年度总死亡人数的23%;而在美国,这一比例仅为10%。由约翰斯·霍普金斯大学与公共卫生非政府组织“Vital Strategies”联合制作的在线资源《烟草图鉴》估算,吸烟每年给中国造成的医疗费用和生产力损失约为3000亿美元。
这个段内逻辑结构简直太工整太典型了,正好符合雅思写作大作文在逻辑这个评分维度上的写作要求:主旨句+细节拓展。完全可以拿来作为优秀例文拿到雅思托福写作课堂上用。
所谓主旨句,就是在段首第一句就立刻点明这一整段的论证主题,不去做什么拐弯抹角的铺陈转折,直接开门见山:The habit exacts a heavy toll (这个习惯造成了极为严重的代价);
顺便一提,“exact a heavy toll”又是一个自然地道的短语搭配, 其中exact在这个词组里尤其符合“熟词僻义”的用法:它最常用的含义是“确切的/精准的”做形容词,它的副词形式“exactly”尤其被人熟知,但不是所有人都知道这个词还能当动词用,这时候它的含义就变成了“to demand and get sth from sb by using force or threat (强行)要求/索取/要求”,比如:A king might exact taxes from his subjects. 国王会向臣民征收税款。而“to exact a high/heavy price / toll” 就完全是个独立的习语了。
另外,本段最后一句里还有两个典型的6分写作常用词:treatment(治疗),productivity(生产力)。背就完了。
接着,作者简单讨论了这个现象背后的几个原因,而且在结构上进行了划分清晰的分段阐述,一段对应一个原因。
原因一:传统的社会风气使然,且无法快速改变。
Social behavior is slow to change. Men in rural China socialize with a smoke. And large packs are still thought to make nice gifts with their pictures of pandas and the Forbidden City. 社会习俗的改变往往缓慢。在中国农村,男人们常以抽烟为伴进行社交。而且,印有熊猫和故宫图案的大包装香烟,至今仍被视为不错的礼物。(太中国特色了)
第一句里的“slow to change”这个搭配也是一个熟词僻义的加分用法,值得加深了解:
"slow" means reluctant, resistant, or taking a long time to begin or complete an action. (“slow”意为不情愿、抗拒,或指开始或完成某项行动需要很长时间。)突然想起来,美国大热的音乐剧 《汉密尔顿Hamilton》中,主角的宿敌 Aaron Burr 在一段唱词里就用“I‘m slow to anger我很少生气发怒”来形容自己。(我真的太喜欢这部音乐剧了,每隔一段时间就找出来重看一遍。),其他“slow to + 动词”的搭配还有:
Slow to trust: After being lied to, he is very slow to trust new people.
Slow to warm up: My cat is slow to warm up to strangers;it takes weeks.
Slow to adapt: Older employees can be slow to adapt to new software.
Slow to learn: The student is slow to learn math, but very persistent.
Slow to respond: I texted him an hour ago, but he's always slow to respond.
原因二:国内的烟草行业有很大的影响力(贡献了大额的政府税收收入)
The biggest problem is the tobacco industry’s clout. Since 2000, tobacco taxes have accounted for almost 7% of government revenue. A good way to reduce smoking, experts agree, would be to tax cigarettes more. But the government demurs: too steep a fall in demand could mean a smaller tax take, too. The last time it tried, in 2015, the price of cigarettes rose, but not as much as intended: To prevent a surge, CNTC cut its margins. And pricing, as it happens, is controlled by China’s tobacco regulator whose head is the boss of CNTC. 最大的问题在于烟草行业的巨大影响力。自2000年以来,烟草税占政府财政收入的近7%。专家们一致认为,提高香烟税是减少吸烟的一个好办法。但政府对此持保留态度:需求若骤降,税收收入也可能随之减少。上一次政府尝试是在2015年,当时香烟价格确实上涨了,但涨幅未达预期:为防止价格暴涨,中国烟草总公司(CNTC)削减了利润率。而事实上,价格由中国烟草监管部门控制,该部门负责人正是中国烟草总公司的掌门人。
结构依然工整,就不再赘述。专心背单词吧。
1)clout n. 影响力;= influence and power
2) government revenue 政府财政收入
3)demur v. to say that you do not agree with sth or that you refuse to do sth 拒绝/表示反对
4) tax take:名词词组 the amount of money a government or local authority receives from taxes 也即“政府的税收收入”
5)surge n. 暴涨
6)margin n. 基础含义是“边缘,边际”,这一段里指的是“profit margin”, 也就是“利润率”
原因三:社会整体收入的上涨幅度大于烟草的物价涨幅
In recent years, price rises have been outpaced by rising incomes. Cigarettes have become even more affordable. More government willpower is needed. 近年来,收入增长的速度超过了物价涨幅。香烟变得更加买得起了。这需要政府拿出更大的决心。