Basic English Phonemes
1. Consonant Sounds
(24)
Plosives (Stops) 塞音
/p/ – pen, apple
/b/ – bat, baby
/t/ – top, water
/d/ – dog, ladder
/k/ – cat, black
/g/ – go, green
Fricatives (Airflow
restriction) 摩擦音（连续气流）
/f/ – fish, coffee
/v/ – van, love
/θ/ – think, both (voiceless "th")
/ð/ – this, father (voiced "th")
/s/ – sun, bus
/z/ – zoo, nose
/ʃ/ – shoe, fish ("sh" sound)
/ʒ/ – measure, vision ("zh" sound)
Affricates (Plosive + Fricative)塞音+摩擦音
/ʧ/ – church, watch ("ch" sound)
/ʤ/ – judge, bridge ("j" sound)
Nasals (Air through nose) 鼻音
/m/ – man, summer
/n/ – net, dinner
/ŋ/ – sing, long ("ng" sound)
Approximants
(Glides & Liquids) 近似值（滑动和液体）
/l/ – leg, bottle ("L" sound)
/r/ – red, sorry ("R" sound)
/w/ – we, water ("W" sound)
/j/ – yes, yellow ("Y" sound)
Glottal 声门的
/h/ – house, hello ("H" sound)
2. Vowel Sounds
(20)
Short Vowels (7)短元音
/ɪ/ – bit, pin
/e/ – bet, ten
/æ/ – cat, apple
/ʌ/ – cup, bus
/ɒ/ – pot, orange (British)
/ʊ/ – book, look
/ə/ – sofa, banana ("schwa" - weak sound)
Long Vowels (5) 长元音
/iː/ – see, tree
/ɑː/ – car, father
/ɔː/ – law, door
/uː/ – blue, food
/ɜː/ – bird, nurse
Diphthongs (8) 双元音
/eɪ/ – day, say
/aɪ/ – my, time
/ɔɪ/ – boy, toy
/aʊ/ – how, now
/əʊ/ – go, home (British)
/ɪə/ – near, here (British)
/eə/ – air, care (British)
/ʊə/ – tour, sure (British)
Some accents, such as General American English, may replace/ɪə/, /eə/, and /ʊə/ with simpler vowel sounds.
3. Schwa Sound (1)
/ə/ – sofa, about
(The schwa is the most common sound in English, found in
unstressed syllables.)
