On Reading Minds 2

So, the job of my field of cognitive neuroscience is to stand with these ideas, one in each hand. 

ps:所以，我的认知神经科学领域的工作就是坚持这些观点，一手一个。

cognitive neuroscience英 [ˈkɒɡnətɪv ˈnjʊərəʊsaɪəns] 美 [ˈkɑːɡnətɪv ˈnʊroʊsaɪəns] 认知神经科学;认知神经学;認知神經科學;认知脑神经科学;认知科学

cognitive英 [ˈkɒɡnətɪv] 美 [ˈkɑːɡnətɪv] adj.认知的;感知的;认识的记忆技巧：cogn 知道 + itive 有…倾向（性质）的 → 认知的

neuroscience英 [ˈnjʊərəʊsaɪəns] 美 [ˈnʊroʊsaɪəns] n.神经科学派生词： neuroscientist n.

And to try to understand how you can put together simple units, simple messages over space and time, in a network, and get this amazing human capacity to think about minds. 

ps:试着去理解你如何把简单的单位，简单的信息，在空间和时间上，在一个网络中组合在一起，并获得这种惊人的人类思考思想的能力。

try to设法; 试图; 试着

understand懂; 理解; 领会; 了解; 认识到; 明了; 谅解; 体谅

put together把…放在一起; 组合; 装配; 组装; 把…组队; 制订，创造

units单独的事物; 单位; 单元; 一件; 班组; 小队; unit的复数

messages信息，消息，音信; 电邮信息; 要旨，要点，教训; 向传送; message的第三人称单数和复数

amazing令人大为惊奇的; 令人惊喜的; 使惊奇; 使惊愕; 使惊诧; amaze的现在分词

human人的; 显示人类特有弱点的; 人本性的; 有人情味的; 通人情的; 人

think about思考; 探讨; 为…费心思; 想像

minds头脑; 大脑; 思考能力; 智慧; 思维方式; 聪明人; 富有才智的人; 

So I'm going to tell you three things about this today.

 Obviously the whole project here is huge.

 And I'm going to tell you just our first few steps about the discovery of a special brain region for thinking about other people's thoughts. 

ps:我要告诉你的是我们发现一个特殊的大脑区域来思考别人的想法的前几步。

going离去; 去; 离开; 进展速度; 难度; 地面状况; 常去…的; 走; 移动，旅行，行走; go的现在分词

tell告诉; 告知; 提供; 说明; 显示; 讲述; 说; 表达; 台形土墩; 讲的话; 谈话; 传闻

steps迈步; 脚步声; 步伐; 步态; 一步; 踩; 踏; 行走; step的第三人称单数和复数

discovery发现; 发觉; 被发现的事物

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

region地区，区域，地方; 行政区; 全部地区，所有区域

thinking思想; 思考; 思维; 想法; 见解; 思想的; 有理智的; 有思考力的; 认为; 以为; 想; 思索; 琢磨; think的现在分词

other people别人；他人；物；旁人

thoughts想法; 看法; 主意; 记忆; 心思; 思想; 思考能力; 思维过程; 思考;

Some observations on the slow development of this system as we learn how to do this difficult job. 

And then finally, to show that some of the differences between people, in how we judge others, can be explained by differences in this brain system.

So first, the first thing I want to tell you is that there is a brain region in the human brain, in your brains, whose job it is to think about other people's thoughts. 

This is a picture of it. 

It's called the Right Temporo-Parietal Junction. 

ps:它被称为右颞顶叶交界处。

called叫做; 称作; 给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; call的过去分词和过去式

Right正当; 妥当; 正确的; 真正的; 真实的; 适当的; 正好的; 恰当的; 右边的; 正好; 恰好; 直接地; 一直; 径直; 完全地; 立即; 马上; 毫不耽搁; 公正; 正义; 正确; 正当的要求; 权利; 版权; 发行权; 右边; 右派; 使回到正常位置; 把…扶正; 使…直立; 改正; 纠正; 使恢复正常; 向右; 是的，好的; 嗨，喂; 对不

Junction交叉路口，汇合处，枢纽站; 主接点; 汇合处; 接合点

It's above and behind your right ear. 

And this is the brain region you used when you saw the pictures I showed you, or when you read Romeo and Juliet or when you tried to understand Alan Greenspan. 

And you don't use it for solving any other kinds of logical problems. 

So this brain region is called the Right TPJ. 

ps:所以这个大脑区域叫做右颞下颌关节。

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

region地区，区域，地方; 行政区; 全部地区，所有区域

called叫做; 称作; 给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; call的过去分词和过去式

Right正当; 妥当; 正确的; 真正的; 真实的; 适当的; 正好的; 恰当的; 

And this picture shows the average activation in a group of what we call typical human adults. 

ps:这张图片显示了一组我们称之为典型成人的平均激活率。

picture shows电影; picture show的复数

average平均的; 典型的; 正常的; 普通的; 平常的; 一般的; 平均数; 平均水平; 一般水准; 平均为; 计算出…的平均数

activation开动；触发; 活化；活性；激活；使…产生放射性；敏化

what什么; …的事物; 无论什么; 凡是…的事物; 多么; 真; 太

call给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; 打电话; 通话; 叫声; 喊声; 短暂拜访

typical典型的; 有代表性的; 一贯的; 平常的; 不出所料; 特有的

human人的; 显示人类特有弱点的; 人本性的; 有人情味的; 通人情的; 人

adults成年人; 成年动物; adult的复数

They're MIT undergraduates.

The second thing I want to say about this brain system is that although we human adults are really good at understanding other minds, we weren't always that way. 

ps:关于这个大脑系统，我想说的第二件事是，虽然我们人类成年人真的很善于理解其他的思想，但我们并不总是这样。

thing东西; 物; 物件; 物品; 事物; 用品，衣服; 用具

want to应该

say about估计；大约；未定的数

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

although虽然; 尽管; 即使; 不过; 然而

adults成年人; 成年动物; adult的复数

understanding理解; 领悟; 了解; 协议; 谅解; 体谅; 善解人意的; 富有同情心的; 体谅人的; 懂; 领会; 认识到; 明了; understand的现在分词

minds头脑; 大脑; 思考能力; 智慧; 思维方式; 聪明人; 富有才智的人; 对烦恼，苦恼，焦虑; 介意; 不关心; 不在意; 不考虑; mind的第三人称单数和复数

that way那边

It takes children a long time to break into the system.

ps:孩子们要花很长时间才能进入这个系统。

takes携带; 拿走; 取走; 运走; 带去; 引领; 使达到，把…推向，把…带到; take的第三人称单数

childrenchild 的复数

a long time良久；半歇；多时；半晌

break into强行进入; 闯入; 突然开始做; 成功打入，顺利进入

system体系; 方法; 制度; 体制; 系统; 身体

 I'm going to show you a little bit of that long, extended process. 

The first thing I'm going to show you is a change between age three and five, as kids learn to understand that somebody else can have beliefs that are different from their own. 

So I'm going to show you a five-year-old who is getting a standard kind of puzzle that we call the false belief task.

ps:所以我要给你们展示一个五岁的孩子，他得到了一个标准的谜题，我们称之为错误信念任务。

going离去; 去; 离开; 进展速度; 难度; 地面状况; 常去…的; 走; 移动，旅行，行走; go的现在分词

show表明; 证明; 给…看; 出示; 展示; 教，解说; 演示; 演出; 歌舞表演; 节目; 展览; 展览会

getting获得；得益; 收到; 接到; 获得; 得到; 挣得; get的现在分词

standard标准，水平，规格，规范; 正常的水平; 应达到的标准; 行为标准; 道德水准; 普通的; 正常的; 通常的; 标准的; 按一定规格制作的; 权威性的

kind of稍微; 有几分; 有点儿

puzzle谜; 智力游戏; 不解之谜; 疑问; 迷惑; 使困惑

call给…命名; 称呼; 把…叫做; 认为…是; 把…看作; 把自己称为; 自诩; 打电话; 通话; 叫声; 喊声; 短暂拜访

false错误的; 不正确的; 不真实的; 非天生的; 人造的; 假的; 伪造的

belief相信; 信心; 看法; 信念; 信仰; 宗教信仰

task任务，工作; 活动; 交给某人; 派给某人

Fill in the blanks:

The second thing I want to say about this brain system is that although we human adults are really good at understanding other minds, we weren't always that way. It takes children a long time to break into the system.

RS: This is the first pirate. His name is Ivan. And you know what pirates really like?

PS:这是第一个海盗。他叫伊凡。你知道海盗到底喜欢什么吗？

pirate海盗; 盗版者; 盗印者; 非法播音者; 盗印; 窃用

Child: What?

RS: Pirates really like cheese sandwiches.

Child: Cheese? I love cheese!

RS: Yeah. So Ivan has this cheese sandwich, and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum! I really love cheese sandwiches." 

RS: And Ivan puts his sandwich over here, on top of the pirate chest. 

PS:伊凡把三明治放在这里，放在海盗的箱子上面。

Ivan伊凡

puts放; 安置; 猛推; 用力插入; 将…送往; 使…前往; put的第三人称单数

sandwich夹心面包片; 三明治; 夹心蛋糕; 把…夹在…之间; 挤在…中间; 把...做成三明治

over here在这边; 到这边; 在身处国

on top of在…之上; 逼近; 胜任; 掌握

pirate海盗; 盗版者; 盗印者; 非法播音者; 盗印; 窃用

chest胸部; 胸膛; 有…胸的; 胸部…的; 大箱子

RS:And Ivan says, "You know what? I need a drink with my lunch." And so Ivan goes to get a drink. And while Ivan is away ,the wind comes, and it blows the sandwich down onto the grass. 

RS:And now, here comes the other pirate. This pirate is called Joshua. And Joshua also really loves cheese sandwiches. So Joshua has a cheese sandwich and he says, "Yum yum yum yum yum! I love cheese sandwiches." And he puts his cheese sandwich over here on top of the pirate chest.

Child: So, that one is his.

RS: That one is Joshua's. That's right.

Child: And then his went on the ground.

RS: That's exactly right.

Child: So he won't know which one is his.

RS: Oh. So now Joshua goes off to get a drink. Ivan comes back and he says, "I want my cheese sandwich." So which one do you think Ivan is going to take?

PS:哦。现在约书亚要出去喝一杯。伊凡回来说：“我要我的奶酪三明治。”你觉得伊凡要吃哪一个？

Joshua约书亚

goes去; 走; 移动，旅行，行走; 轮到的机会; 尝试，一番努力; 精力; 活力; 热情; 干劲; go的第三人称单数和复数

drink饮料; 一杯，一份，一口; 酒; 酒精饮料; 酒宴; 酒会; 喝; 饮; 喝酒; 酗酒

Ivan伊凡

comes来; 来到; 到达，抵达; 来做; 来取; 来拿; come的第三人称单数

says说; 讲; 告诉; 念; 朗诵; 背诵; 表达，表述; say的第三人称单数

cheese sandwich奶酪三明治，之士三文治，计司三明治

which one哪一个; 哪个; 哪辆

do you你愿意吗

going离去; 去; 离开; 进展速度; 难度; 地面状况; 常去…的; 走; 移动，旅行，

Child: I think he is going to take that one.

RS: Yeah, you think he's going to take that one? All right. Let's see. Oh yeah, you were right. He took that one.

So that's a five-year-old who clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs and what the consequences are for their actions.

ps:所以，这是一个5岁的孩子，他清楚地知道其他人可能有错误的信仰，以及他们的行为会带来什么后果。

So that因此; 以便

who谁，什么人; 表示所指的人; 进一步提供有关某人的信息

clearly清楚地; 清晰地; 明白地; 易懂地; 明显地; 显然地

understands懂; 理解; 领会; 了解; 认识到; 明了; 谅解; 体谅; understand的第三人称单数

other people别人；他人；物；旁人

false错误的; 不正确的; 不真实的; 非天生的; 人造的; 假的; 伪造的

beliefs相信; 信心; 看法; 信念; 信仰; 宗教信仰; belief的复数

what什么; …的事物; 无论什么; 凡是…的事物; 多么; 真; 太

consequences结果; 后果; 重要性; consequence的复数

actions行动; 行为过程; 所做之事; 行为; 诉讼; 起诉; 务必做，确保处

 Now I'm going to show you a three-year-old who got the same puzzle.

RS: And Ivan says, "I want my cheese sandwich." Which sandwich is he going to take? Do you think he's going to take that one? Let's see what happens. Let's see what he does. Here comes Ivan. 

And he says, "I want my cheese sandwich." And he takes this one. Uh-oh. Why did he take that one?

Child: His was on the grass.

So the three-year-old does two things differently. First, he predicts Ivan will take the sandwich that's really his. And second, when he sees Ivan taking the sandwich where he left his, where we would say he's taking that one because he thinks it's his, the three-year-old comes up with another explanation: He's not taking his own sandwich because he doesn't want it, because now it's dirty, on the ground. So that's why he's taking the other sandwich. Now of course, development doesn't end at five. 

And we can see the continuation of this process of learning to think about other people's thoughts by upping the ante and asking children now, not for an action prediction, but for a moral judgment. So first I'm going to show you the three-year-old again.

ps:我们可以看到这个学习思考他人思想的过程在继续，现在就提高赌注，问孩子，不是为了行动预测，而是为了道德判断。所以首先我要再次给你看那个三岁的孩子。

continuation继续; 连续; 持续; 延续部分; 续篇; 附加物; 延续物

think about思考; 探讨; 为…费心思; 想像

other people别人；他人；物；旁人

thoughts想法; 看法; 主意; 记忆; 心思; 思想; 思考能力; 思维过程; 思考; 思维; thought的复数

upping突然移动; 突然做; 提高…的价格; up的现在分词

ante赌注，预付的一笔款；分担额; 下赌注；付款

asking问; 询问; 要求; 请求; 恳求; 征求; ask的现在分词

prediction预言; 预测; 预告

but for倘没有; 要不是

moral judgment道德判断

RS: So is Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?

ps:伊凡吃了乔舒亚的三明治是不是又刻薄又淘气？

Ivan伊凡

being存在; 生存; 生物; 思想感情; 身心; are的现在分词; be的现在分词

mean表示…的意思; 意思是; 本意是; 打算; 意欲; 有…的目的; 吝啬的; 小气的; 不善良; 刻薄; 要发怒的; 要发狂的; 中间; 中庸; 折中; 平均数; 平均值; 算术中项

naughty顽皮的; 淘气的; 不听话的; 粗俗的; 下流的

taking携带; 拿走; 取走; 运走; 带去; 引领; 使达到，把…推向，把…带到; take的现在分词

Joshua约书亚

sandwich夹心面包片; 三明治; 夹心蛋糕; 把…夹在…之间; 挤在…中间; 

Child: Yeah.

RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?

Child: Yeah.

So it's maybe not surprising he thinks it was mean of Ivan to take Joshua's sandwich, since he thinks Ivan only took Joshua's sandwich to avoid having to eat his own dirty sandwich. 

But now I'm going to show you the five-year-old. 

Remember the five-year-old completely understood why Ivan took Joshua's sandwich.

RS: Was Ivan being mean and naughty for taking Joshua's sandwich?

Child: Um, yeah.

And so, it is not until age seven that we get what looks more like an adult response.

RS: Should Ivan get in trouble for taking Joshua's sandwich?

Child: No, because the wind should get in trouble.

Questions:

1.What did she learn from the experiment?

The seven-year-old demonstrated an adult-like moral judgment.

2.Which of the statements about the three boys' experiment is true?

The 7-year-old had developed a sense of moral judgment similar to an adult's.

3.Which of the following is a moral judgment?

He is a mean and selfish man.

4.in the  three year's mind, why did the first pirate take the second sandwich？

he didn't want the dirty one on the grass.

5.in the experiment, the five year old's moral judgment suggests that

he clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs.

Fill in the blanks:

And so, it is not until age seven that we get what looks more like an adult response.

Repeat & Read Sentences:

1.The experiment shows that the ability to understand other's thoughts develops gradually.

2. it is not until age seven that we get what looks more like an adult response.

3.that's a five-year-old who clearly understands that other people can have false beliefs and what the consequences are for their actions.

4.moral judgments are evaluations about whether an action or a person is good or bad.