文章提纲
I. Introduction
• A. Difficulty of being a professional athlete: physical demands and psychological pressure.
• B. Example of Emma Raducanu's experience at Wimbledon.
II. Causes of Stress
• A. Performance stress as a result of the exchange between demands and resources.
• B. Factors contributing to demands: physical and mental effort, concerns about difficulty, chance of success, and potential dangers.
• C. Factors contributing to resources: competitor's confidence, sense of control, and anticipation.
III. Responses to Stress
• A. Challenge state and threat state.
• B. Effects of challenge state on the body: increased adrenaline, blood flow, and energy delivery.
• C. Effects of threat state on the body: cortisol inhibiting adrenaline, tighter blood vessels, higher blood pressure, slower psychological responses, and faster heart rate.
IV. Negative Effects of Anxiety
• A. Physical symptoms: increased heart rate, palpitations, muscle tremors, shortness of breath, headaches, nausea, stomach pain, weakness.
• B. Psychological symptoms: reduced concentration, self-control, overthinking.
• C. Long-term risks: heart disease and depression.
V. Ways to Promote Positive Responses
• A. Language used by coaches or parents.
• B. Psychological skills training: visualisation.
• C. Recreating competitive pressure during training.
雅思核心词汇（按词性分类）
名词
• athlete/ˈæθliːt/ 运动员
• stress/stres/ 压力
• pressure/ˈpreʃə(r)/ 压力
• tournament/ˈtʊənəmənt/ 锦标赛
• excitement/ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/ 兴奋
• performance/pəˈfɔːməns/ 表现
• demand/dɪˈmɑːnd/ 要求；需求
• resource/ˈriːsɔːs/ 资源
• effort/ˈefət/ 努力
• injury/ˈɪndʒəri/ 伤害
• confidence/ˈkɒnfɪdəns/ 信心
• outcome/ˈaʊtkʌm/ 结果
• response/rɪˈspɒns/ 反应
• challenge/ˈtʃælɪndʒ/ 挑战
• threat/θret/ 威胁
• adrenaline/əˈdrenəlɪn/ 肾上腺素
• cortisol/ˈkɔːtɪsɒl/ 皮质醇
• blood vessel/blʌd ˈvesl/ 血管
• anxiety/æŋˈzaɪəti/ 焦虑
• palpitation/pælpɪˈteɪʃn/ 心悸
• nausea/ˈnɔːziə/ 恶心
• depression/dɪˈpreʃn/ 抑郁
• visualisation/ˌvɪʒuəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ 形象化
动词
• attribute/əˈtrɪbjuːt/ 把…归因于
• regulate/ˈreɡjuleɪt/ 调节
• accumulate/əˈkjuːmjuleɪt/ 积累
• dictate/dɪkˈteɪt/ 决定
• succeed/səkˈsiːd/ 成功
• cope with/kəʊp wɪð/ 应对
• inhibit/ɪnˈhɪbɪt/ 抑制
• deliver/dɪˈlɪvə(r)/ 输送
• manifest/ˈmænɪfest/ 显示
• reduce/rɪˈdjuːs/ 减少
• promote/prəˈməʊt/ 促进
形容词
• professional/prəˈfeʃənl/ 专业的
• intense/ɪnˈtens/ 强烈的
• psychological/ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl/ 心理的
• physical/ˈfɪzɪkl/ 身体的
• positive/ˈpɒzətɪv/ 积极的
• negative/ˈneɡətɪv/ 消极的
• superior/suːˈpɪəriə(r)/ 优越的
副词
• intensely/ɪnˈtensli/ 强烈地
• consistently/kənˈsɪstəntli/ 一致地
思维导图
