正文
Elephants really can't hold their liquor
大象的酒量并不好
Humans are not the only animals that get drunk. Birds that gorge on fermented berries and sap are known to fall out of trees and crash into windows. Elk that overdo it with rotting apples get stuck in trees. Moose wasted on overripe crabapples get tangled in swing sets, hammocks and even Christmas lights.
人类可不是唯一一种会喝醉的动物。不少人知道,饱餐了发酵的浆果和植物汁液的小鸟,常常会从树上掉下,还会撞上窗户。吃多了腐烂苹果的驼鹿,能醉得一头卡进树里。被熟烂的花红果醉晕的驼鹿,会把自己缠进秋千、吊床,甚至是圣诞彩灯里。
Elephants, though, are the animal kingdom's most well-known boozers. One scientific paper describes elephant trainers rewarding animals with beer and other alcoholic beverages, with one elephant in the 18th century said to have drunk 30 bottles of port a day. In 1974, a herd of 150 elephants in India, became intoxicated after breaking into a brewery, then went on a rampage that destroyed buildings and killed five people.
不过,大象才是动物王国里最有名的酒鬼。一篇科学论文描述了驯象人用啤酒等酒精饮料奖励动物的现象,还提到 18 世纪有只大象,据说它一天能喝 30 瓶波特酒。1974 年,印度一群大象闯进了啤酒厂, 150 头大象喝得烂醉之后发着酒疯横冲直撞,摧毁了房屋并导致 5 人死亡。
In fact, elephants are likely exceptional lightweights because they lack a key enzyme that quickly metabolizes ethanol.
事实上,大象的酒量可能异常地小,因为它们体内缺失了一种关键的酶来迅速代谢乙醇。
Humans, chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas have an unusually high tolerance for alcohol because of a shared genetic mutation that allows them to metabolize ethanol 40 times faster than other primates. The mutation occurred around 10 million years ago, coinciding with an ancestral shift from arboreal to terrestrial living and, most likely, a diet richer in fallen, fermenting fruit on the forest floor.
人类、黑猩猩、倭黑猩猩和大猩猩的酒精耐受力都超乎寻常地高,因为某种共有的基因突变使我们代谢乙醇的速度比其他灵长类动物快了 40 倍。这种基因突变出现在约 1 千万年前,刚好与我们的祖先由树栖转向陆栖的时间吻合;当时的物种也很可能改变了食性,开始更多地食用掉落在森林地表上的发酵了的水果。
But most other mammals did not possess the mutation, and in some species, including elephants, dogs and cows, the ethanol-metabolizing gene had lost all function.
但其余大多数哺乳动物都没有过这种基因突变,而且有些物种,包括大象、狗和牛在内,其乙醇代谢基因已经失去了全部功能。
"It was far more likely for animals that eat the leafy part of plants or for carnivores to lose the gene," said Amanda Melin, a molecular ecologist at the University of Calgary.
“食草食叶动物和食肉动物失去这个基因的可能性大很多。”来自卡尔加里大学的分子生态学家阿曼达·梅林说道。
Forest elephants today regularly seek and eat fruit, but their ancestors became grass eaters around 8 million years ago. Evidence indicates they then switched to a mixed diet around 1 million years ago.
如今的森林象经常寻觅水果来吃,但他们的祖先在约 8 百万年前进化成了草食性动物。证据表明大象在约 1 百万年前才开始食用植物的不同部位。
主编:大仔
品控:毛西
审核:Jack
Photo Credit:
Natataek at English Wikivoyage / CC BY-SA
Rennett Stowe / CC BY
重点词汇
hold
/hoʊld/
v. 能喝下……;把持住,承受住
英文释义:drink without getting drunk
搭配短语:can hold one's liquor(酒量很大)
搭配短语:cannot hold one's liquor(酒量很小)
liquor
/ˈlɪk.ɚ/
n. 酒;烈酒
相关词汇:liquid(adj. 液态的;n. 液体)
词根词缀:-id(表状态)
词根词缀:-or(表物体)
文化补充:liquor 在美国一般指烈酒,在英国指各种含有酒精的饮品。英国一般用 spirit 称呼烈酒。
gorge
/ɡɔːrdʒ/
v. 狼吞虎咽,暴食
搭配短语:gorge on sth.
ferment
/fɚˈment/
v. 发酵;使发酵;挑起(混乱),激起(感情)
例句:A blend of emotions fermented inside her.(激起感情)
sap
/sæp/
n. (植物的)汁液
elk
/elk/
n. 驼鹿(欧洲);加拿大马鹿(北美)
overdo it
过度做某事,做得过头
相关词汇:overdo(v. 过度地做某事)
词根词缀:over-(过多,过度)
英文释义:do something too much
例句:Overdoing sugar can cause health problems.
英文释义:to work too hard doing something that you become sick, injured or tired
例句:Stay informed, but don't overdo it.
搭配短语:overdo it with
例句:Be careful not to overdo it with the exercise.
rotting
/ˈrɑːtɪŋ/
adj. 腐烂的
相关词汇:rot(v. 腐烂)
moose
/muːs/
n. 驼鹿
wasted
/ˈweɪs.tɪd/
adj. 烂醉如泥的;被浪费的
词性拓展:waste(v. 浪费)
近义词:drunk(adj. 醉的)
搭配短语:get drunk on vodka
overripe
/ˌoʊ.vɚˈraɪp/
adj. 过熟的,熟烂的
词根词缀:over-(过多的,过度的)
相关词汇:ripe(adj. 成熟的)
crabapple
/ˈkræb ˌæp.əl/
n. 花红果;海棠果;野山楂;野外的小苹果
tangle
/ˈtæŋ.ɡəl/
v. ……缠成一团;把……缠在一起
例句:There's no wire to get tangled.
hammock
/ˈhæm.ək/
n. 吊床
boozer
/ˈbuː.zɚ/
n. 酒鬼
相关词汇:booze(n. 酒;v. 狂饮)
beverage
/ˈbev.ɚ.ɪdʒ/
n. 饮料
herd
/hɝːd/
n. 兽群;人群;民众,群众
搭配短语:herd immunity(群体免疫)
intoxicated
/ɪnˈtɑːk.sɪ.keɪ.t̬ɪd/
adj. 喝醉的
搭配短语:driving while intoxicated(醉驾)
brewery
/ˈbrʊr.i/
n. 啤酒厂
相关词汇:brew(n. 啤酒;v. 酿制(啤酒))
词根词缀:-ery(场所)
相关词汇:distillery(n. 酿酒厂)
相关词汇:winery(n. 葡萄酒厂)
rampage
/ˈræm.peɪdʒ/
n. 狂暴的行为
英文释义:violent and wild behaviour, often causing damage
exceptional
/ɪkˈsep.ʃən.əl/
adj. 不同寻常的,例外的
相关词汇:exception(n. 例外)
近义词:unusual(adj. 不同寻常的)
lightweight
/ˈlaɪt.weɪt/
n. 酒量小的人;轻量级选手;无足轻重的人
相关词汇:light(adj. 轻的)
相关词汇:weight(n. 重量)
词性拓展:lightweight(adj. 轻便的;分量不够的)
搭配短语:a lightweight jacket
搭配短语:a lightweight novel
例句:He is too lightweight for the job.
英文释义:someone who cannot hold his or her liquor
enzyme
/ˈen.zaɪm/
n. 酶
metabolize
/məˈtæb.əl.aɪz/
v. 使新陈代谢
英文释义:to turn food in the body into new cells, energy and waste products by means of chemical processes
ethanol
/ˈeθ.ə.nɑːl/
n. 乙醇,酒精
tolerance
/ˈtɑː.lɚ.əns/
n. 耐受力;宽容,忍耐
搭配短语:tolerance of/to sth.(对某物的耐受力)
搭配短语:tolerance for/of sth.(宽容,忍耐)
mutation
/mjuːˈteɪ.ʃən/
n. 基因突变
搭配短语:genetic mutation(基因突变)
相关词汇:genetic(adj. 基因的)
相关词汇:gene(n. 基因)
相关词汇:mutant(n.(基因)突变体)
primate
/ˈpraɪ.meɪt/, /ˈpraɪ.mət/
n. 灵长类动物
coincide
/ˌkoʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd/
v. 同时发生;相符,吻合
搭配短语:coincide with
例句:Protests coincide with wider easing of social distancing restrictions.
例句:Their views on this issue do not coincide.
ancestral
/ænˈses.trəl/
adj. 祖先的
相关词汇:ancestor(n. 祖先)
arboreal
/ɑːrˈbɔːr.i.əl/
adj. 树栖的
terrestrial
/təˈres.tri.əl/
adj. 陆地的;地面上的;地球的
文化补充:前缀 terre 来自于拉丁语词根 terra,表示“和土地有关的”。
相关词汇:terrace(n. 梯田;露台)
相关词汇:territory(n. 领土,领地)
rich
/rɪtʃ/
adj. 丰富的
搭配短语:rich in sth.
例句:Oranges are rich in vitamin C.
mammal
/ˈmæm.əl/
n. 哺乳动物
leafy
/ˈliː.fi/
adj. 多叶的;绿叶的
相关词汇:leaf(n. 叶子)
词根词缀:-y(构成形容词)
carnivore
/ˈkɑːr.nə.vɔːr/
n. 肉食动物;食虫植物
molecular
/məˈlek.jə.lɚ/
adj. 分子的
相关词汇:molecule(n. 分子)
搭配短语:molecular ecology(分子生态学)
switch
/swɪtʃ/
v. 改变,转变
近义词:shift(v. 改变;n. 改变)
词性拓展:switch(n. 改变,转变)
搭配短语:a switch from sth. to sth.
搭配短语:switch from sth. to sth.
例句:More companies are switching from coal to cleaner fuels.